According to Piaget, a 5-year-old is at what stage of development:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pre-operational stage. Piaget's stages of cognitive development outline that at age 5, children are typically in the pre-operational stage characterized by symbolic representation, egocentrism, and inability to perform logical operations. In this stage, children engage in pretend play and use symbols to represent objects. The sensorimotor stage (A) occurs from birth to age 2, concrete operations (B) typically happen around ages 7-11, and formal operations (D) usually emerge around ages 11-15. Therefore, based on Piaget's theory, a 5-year-old is most likely in the pre-operational stage.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Establish trust through a consistent approach. Rationale: 1. Establishing trust is essential in the initial stages of counseling to create a safe and supportive environment. 2. Trust helps the client feel comfortable sharing their thoughts and feelings openly. 3. Consistency in approach builds predictability and reliability, which fosters a sense of security for the client. 4. By focusing on trust-building first, the counselor can then effectively address the client's fears in a supportive and understanding manner. Summary: A: Encouraging the client to verbalize fears without establishing trust may lead to them feeling vulnerable or judged. B: Helping the client find meaning in feelings is important but should come after trust is established. D: Accepting fears without criticism is important, but trust-building should come first for effective support.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Psychoanalytic theory. In psychoanalytic theory, behaviors such as obsessive-compulsive behaviors are believed to be manifestations of unconscious conflicts between id impulses (drives and desires) and the superego (moral conscience). This theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior. Behavioral theory (choice A) focuses on learned behaviors through reinforcement and punishment. Cognitive theory (choice B) emphasizes the role of thought processes in behavior. Interpersonal theory (choice C) focuses on relationships and social interactions influencing behavior. However, in the context of explaining obsessive-compulsive behaviors as a result of unconscious conflicts, the most appropriate theory is psychoanalytic theory.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Risk for self-directed violence. The client's statement indicates suicidal ideation, which poses a risk for self-harm. This diagnosis focuses on the potential for the client to harm themselves. Disturbed thought processes (A) may be present, but the primary concern is the risk of self-directed violence. Ineffective coping (B) may contribute to the client's distress, but the immediate concern is the risk of harm to themselves. Impaired social interaction (D) is not the most relevant diagnosis in this scenario, as the client's statement is more indicative of self-harm than social interaction issues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because early Alzheimer's disease primarily affects cognitive functions such as memory and problem-solving abilities. Balancing a checkbook requires intact cognitive abilities, which are impaired in Alzheimer's. Self-care measures (B) and relating to family members (C) involve more social and emotional aspects, which are typically preserved in early stages. Remembering one's own name (D) is a basic form of memory that is usually retained in early Alzheimer's.