According to NCD Risk Factor Collaboration studies published in 2016 (eLife 2016;5:e13410), among men born in 1996 the tallest are the Dutch, whose height on average is 182.5 cm, and the 95% level of confidence is 180.6-184.5 cm. The probability that the average height of the Dutch falls outside that level is:

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Question 1 of 5

According to NCD Risk Factor Collaboration studies published in 2016 (eLife 2016;5:e13410), among men born in 1996 the tallest are the Dutch, whose height on average is 182.5 cm, and the 95% level of confidence is 180.6-184.5 cm. The probability that the average height of the Dutch falls outside that level is:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A 95% confidence interval means there’s a 5% chance the true mean lies outside the range (2.5% on each tail of the distribution).

Question 2 of 5

The most common causes of deaths in men are:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in men globally and in Poland.

Question 3 of 5

In one calendar year mortality due to malignant diseases was compared between the population of Town A (mortality: 420 / 100 000) and the population of Town B (mortality: 458 / 100 000). Indicate the correct interpretation of the obtained data:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Crude mortality rates require age standardization for reliable comparison due to differing age structures.

Question 4 of 5

In many countries, the key method of fighting the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2020 was the so-called flattening the epidemic curve that serves to: 1) reduce the overall number of cases; 2) spread the number of cases over time; 3) slow down the rate of spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection; 4) counteract the paralysis of treatment under the pressure of new cases; 5) gain time to develop treatment procedures and vaccines.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Flattening the curve aims to spread cases (2), slow spread (3), prevent healthcare overload (4), and buy time (5); it doesn’t inherently reduce total cases (1).

Question 5 of 5

In February 2019 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed A.D.'s (plaintiff's initials) cassation appeal from the verdict of the Provincial Administrative Court in Warsaw which in 2016 supported the Health Minister's decision who in turn upheld the provincial governor's decision to impose a fine of 420 PLN on A.D. for avoiding subjecting his minor daughter to preventive vaccinations. The SAC's verdict is an example of the following law function in the field of public health:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The verdict enforces mandatory vaccination, banning behaviors harmful to public health.

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