Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D is correct: 1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs places self-esteem as a fundamental psychological need. 2. Patient hygiene and dress contribute to self-esteem by promoting a sense of dignity and self-worth. 3. Attending to hygiene and dress before spousal visits shows respect for the patient's self-esteem. 4. This strategy directly addresses the self-esteem needs of elderly patients by enhancing their sense of self-worth and respect. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A: Providing privacy for spouses does not directly address the patient's self-esteem needs. B: Arranging dining with spouses may enhance social needs but not directly address self-esteem. C: Including patients and spouses in educational sessions may promote social interaction but does not directly target self-esteem needs.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because universality in Yalom's therapeutic factors refers to the recognition that one is not alone in their struggles. Patient A demonstrates this by acknowledging that others also face loneliness, fostering a sense of commonality and reducing feelings of isolation. In contrast, patient B's dysfunctional patterns do not relate to universality. Patient C's sense of belonging is related to group cohesion, not universality. Patient D's anger expression is not directly linked to recognizing shared experiences.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D is correct: 1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs places self-esteem as a fundamental psychological need. 2. Patient hygiene and dress contribute to self-esteem by promoting a sense of dignity and self-worth. 3. Attending to hygiene and dress before spousal visits shows respect for the patient's self-esteem. 4. This strategy directly addresses the self-esteem needs of elderly patients by enhancing their sense of self-worth and respect. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A: Providing privacy for spouses does not directly address the patient's self-esteem needs. B: Arranging dining with spouses may enhance social needs but not directly address self-esteem. C: Including patients and spouses in educational sessions may promote social interaction but does not directly target self-esteem needs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because chronic sorrow is a continuous feeling of grief or sadness that occurs when there is a discrepancy between the reality of a situation and the individual's expectations or hopes. In this case, the father of an adult son who is schizophrenic is likely to experience chronic sorrow due to the ongoing challenges and difficulties associated with his son's mental illness. This long-term impact on his emotional well-being aligns with the concept of chronic sorrow. Choices A, C, and D do not necessarily imply a long-term or continuous feeling of grief. The mother of a child with asthma may experience anxiety or distress during asthma attacks, but it may not necessarily lead to chronic sorrow. The daughter whose father had a hip replacement may experience temporary worry or concern but not chronic sorrow. The wife whose husband requested a trial separation may experience sadness and distress, but it is not a situation that inherently leads to chronic sorrow.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because positive transference with a staff member in the orientation phase indicates a developing therapeutic relationship, which is crucial for effective treatment. This outcome shows the patient is beginning to trust and feel safe with a staff member, enhancing their engagement in therapy. Choice B is incorrect because the ability to ask for help in meeting needs may not be fully developed by the end of the orientation phase. Choice C is incorrect as commitment to long-term therapy is usually not established this early in the process. Choice D is incorrect because the ability to manage symptoms independently typically requires more time and therapy progress.