According to cognitive development, preschoolers exhibit great imagination and exploration of environment. Regine is now 3 % years old, according to Piaget, what characteristic of cognitive development she must now exhibit?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Use "make believe" and "pretend to" play. Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines that during the preschool years, children engage in symbolic play, which involves using objects to represent other objects and engaging in pretend play scenarios. This type of play demonstrates the child's ability to think symbolically and represent things that are not physically present. Option A) Can distinguish goals from means of attaining it, while an important cognitive skill, is more characteristic of the concrete operational stage of development, which typically occurs around 7-11 years of age according to Piaget. Preschoolers are still in the preoperational stage and may struggle with this level of abstract thinking. Option B) Associates word with objects is more aligned with the early stages of language development and vocabulary acquisition, which is important for cognitive development but not the primary focus of the preschool years in Piaget's theory. Option C) Solves concrete problems is more reflective of the concrete operational stage as well, where children can engage in logical thinking about tangible objects and situations. Preschoolers are more focused on symbolic play and imaginative exploration rather than concrete problem-solving. In an educational context, understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development is crucial for nurses working with pediatric populations. By recognizing the cognitive abilities of preschoolers, nurses can tailor their communication, play therapy interventions, and educational strategies to support and enhance children's cognitive growth and development during this crucial stage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) Inadequate oxygen to support tissue glucose oxidation for energy. Kurt's easy fatigability can be attributed to inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues, leading to decreased production of ATP through glucose oxidation. Inadequate oxygen supply can result from various respiratory conditions affecting gas exchange in the lungs, such as asthma or pneumonia, which can impair the transportation of oxygen to tissues. Option A) Deficient intake of high caloric and high vitamin containing foods is incorrect because while poor nutrition can contribute to fatigue, in Kurt's case, the symptoms point more towards a physiological issue related to oxygen delivery. Option B) Inadequate development and decreased tone of skeletal muscle is incorrect as the scenario does not suggest any musculoskeletal issues that would lead to easy fatigability. Additionally, the symptoms are more indicative of a systemic issue rather than a localized muscular problem. Option C) Low BP associated with decreased numbers of RBC is incorrect because while low blood pressure and anemia can lead to fatigue, the specific symptoms described in the question are more aligned with oxygen insufficiency rather than blood pressure or red blood cell count issues. Educational Context: Understanding the physiological basis of symptoms like easy fatigability in pediatric patients is crucial for pediatric respiratory nurses. By recognizing the underlying causes, nurses can provide appropriate interventions and treatments to improve the child's quality of life. Respiratory conditions can significantly impact a child's energy levels and overall well-being, making it essential for healthcare providers to have a solid understanding of pediatric respiratory physiology and pathophysiology.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) A topical anesthetic, EMLA, can be applied before injections are given. This option is correct because it addresses the mother's concern about the discomfort associated with injections in her infant. By using a topical anesthetic like EMLA before administering immunizations, the nurse can help minimize the pain and discomfort for the infant, making the experience less distressing for both the child and the parent. Option A) Infants do not feel pain as adults do is incorrect because infants do experience pain, although their expression of pain may be different from that of adults. It is important to acknowledge and address their pain during medical procedures. Option B) This cannot be prevented is incorrect because there are strategies, such as using topical anesthetics, that can help reduce the discomfort associated with injections for infants. Option D) This is not a good reason for refusing immunizations is incorrect because while the mother's concern about discomfort is valid, it should not be the sole reason for refusing important immunizations that protect the infant from serious diseases. It is important for the nurse to address the mother's concerns while emphasizing the benefits of immunizations for the child's health and well-being in the long run. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to understand and address parental concerns regarding their child's healthcare, including immunizations. By providing education and support, nurses can help parents make informed decisions that are in the best interest of their child's health. Using strategies like topical anesthetics can also help improve the overall experience of medical procedures for infants and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Moderate cognitive impairment. An intelligence quotient (IQ) of 40 in a young child indicates moderate cognitive impairment. This level of IQ typically corresponds to significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. Option A) Mild cognitive impairment is incorrect as an IQ of 40 falls below the threshold for mild impairment. Mild cognitive impairment usually corresponds to IQ levels between 55-70. Option C) Severe cognitive impairment is also incorrect as an IQ of 40 does not meet the criteria for severe impairment. Severe impairment is typically associated with IQ levels between 25-40. Option D) Profound cognitive impairment is not the correct answer in this case as an IQ of 40 does not reach the level of profound impairment. Profound impairment is generally associated with IQ levels below 25. In an educational context, understanding the varying levels of cognitive impairment is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with developmental challenges. Recognizing the level of impairment can guide appropriate interventions, support services, and educational strategies to meet the individual needs of the child. It is important for nurses to be able to accurately assess and document cognitive functioning to provide optimal care and support for their patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the rationale behind infection control practices, especially when dealing with infectious conditions like herpetic gingivostomatitis. Wearing gloves when examining lesions in a child with this condition is necessary because the herpes simplex virus can easily enter the body through breaks in the skin, providing a barrier to prevent transmission to the nurse or from the nurse to the child. Option A is incorrect because herpetic gingivostomatitis is not sexually transmitted; it is typically spread through oral secretions. Option C is incorrect as wearing gloves is necessary regardless of whether the nurse touches their own mouth or not to prevent cross-contamination. Option D is also incorrect as the herpes simplex virus is highly contagious, especially through direct contact with infected lesions. From an educational perspective, understanding the rationale behind using appropriate personal protective equipment like gloves in pediatric nursing not only ensures the safety of healthcare providers but also prevents the spread of infectious diseases among vulnerable populations. This question highlights the importance of infection control practices and their application in pediatric respiratory nursing to provide safe and effective care to children with communicable diseases.