According to 'Building on the Evidence Base: Studies on the Effects of Medicaid Expansion, February 2020 to March 2021', Medicaid expansion was found to have exclusively positive effects on:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D (All of the above) because Medicaid expansion has been shown to have positive effects on state budgets and economies, as it increases federal funding to states. It also reduces mortality associated with specific health conditions by providing access to healthcare for more individuals. Option A is incorrect as Medicaid expansion positively impacts state budgets, not just economies. Option B is incorrect as Medicaid expansion affects overall mortality rates, not just for specific health conditions. Option C is incorrect as it does not accurately reflect the comprehensive positive impacts of Medicaid expansion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because federal matching funds for Medicaid are guaranteed to states based on a variable rate determined by the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP). This rate varies depending on the state's per capita income. This funding mechanism ensures that states receive a set percentage of federal funding for their Medicaid programs, which is not guaranteed at a fixed rate (option C) or not guaranteed at all (option A). Option D is incorrect as it suggests that the funds are fixed, which is not the case due to the variable nature of the FMAP.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Health insurance tends to benefit those with serious health conditions the most. This is because researchers look at condition-specific health outcomes to understand how health insurance impacts individuals with specific health conditions. By focusing on condition-specific outcomes, researchers can assess the effectiveness of health insurance in improving health outcomes for those with serious health conditions. This choice aligns with the purpose of the study mentioned in the JAMA article. Explanation of why the other choices are incorrect: A: They are not affected by patient characteristics - This is incorrect because patient characteristics can play a significant role in affecting health outcomes, regardless of the specific health condition being studied. C: It is easy to get data from medical records - This is incorrect because while medical records can provide valuable data for research, the ease of obtaining data is not the primary reason why researchers focus on condition-specific health outcomes. D: It is an equally plausible method for all health conditions - This is incorrect because different health conditions may require different approaches to studying

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) rate refers to the share of Medicaid expenses paid by the federal government. Non-expansion states have the same FMAP rate as expansion states, as mandated by federal law. This is to ensure that states that did not expand Medicaid still receive the same federal funding support for their Medicaid programs as the expansion states. A: This statement is incorrect because Medicaid income eligibility for parents in non-expansion states varies and is not necessarily set at 100% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL). B: This statement is incorrect because eligibility criteria for adults without dependent children in non-expansion states vary and may differ from state to state. C: This statement is incorrect because the distribution of individuals in the coverage gap varies among non-expansion states, not just limited to Texas and Florida.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because rural areas typically have lower population densities compared to urban areas, resulting in fewer healthcare providers being needed. This is due to the lower demand for healthcare services in sparsely populated regions. Choice A is incorrect because lack of trust is not the primary reason for the scarcity of hospitals. Choice C is incorrect as advancements in transportation and telemedicine have helped overcome isolation challenges. Choice D is also incorrect as rural areas are known for their open spaces and lower population densities, making overcrowding unlikely.