Absorption of oral iron preparations can be facilitated by coadministering

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of the absorption of oral iron preparations, coadministering ascorbic acid is the correct choice (Option D). Ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C, enhances the absorption of non-heme iron found in plant-based sources by converting ferric iron to the more easily absorbed ferrous form. This action significantly improves the bioavailability of iron, making it more effective in treating iron deficiency anemia. Antacids (Option A) can actually impair the absorption of iron by increasing the pH of the stomach, which is necessary for the solubilization and absorption of iron. Tetracyclines (Option B) and phosphates (Option C) can form chelates with iron, reducing its absorption and efficacy when taken together. Educationally, understanding the factors that influence the absorption of iron is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially when managing patients with iron deficiency anemia. By knowing the correct coadministration strategies, healthcare providers can optimize treatment outcomes and prevent potential interactions that may hinder the absorption of essential nutrients. This knowledge ensures safe and effective patient care in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question regarding the percentage of elemental iron in hydrated ferrous sulfate, the correct answer is C) 20%. This is because hydrated ferrous sulfate contains approximately 20% elemental iron by weight. Option A) 5% is incorrect because it is too low for the percentage of elemental iron in hydrated ferrous sulfate. Option B) 10% is also incorrect as it is lower than the actual percentage found in this compound. Option D) 33% is incorrect because it is too high for the percentage of elemental iron in hydrated ferrous sulfate. Educationally, understanding the composition of different vitamin drugs is crucial for healthcare professionals such as pharmacists, nurses, and doctors. Knowing the percentage of elemental iron in hydrated ferrous sulfate is essential for ensuring accurate dosing and understanding the potential side effects or interactions of the drug. This knowledge is particularly important when prescribing or administering iron supplements to patients with iron deficiency anemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In isolated fibroblast or epithelial cells, retinoids enhance the synthesis of fibronectin. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, and wound healing. Retinoids, which are derivatives of vitamin A, are known to regulate gene expression and promote cell differentiation. Thus, it makes sense that retinoids would enhance the synthesis of fibronectin in cells. Option B, collagenase, is not correct because retinoids do not typically enhance the synthesis of this enzyme. Collagenase is involved in breaking down collagen in tissues, which is not directly related to the functions of retinoids in promoting cell adhesion and differentiation. Option C, certain species of keratin, is also incorrect because retinoids do not have a direct role in enhancing the synthesis of keratin proteins. Keratins are structural proteins found in epithelial cells, but their synthesis is not typically influenced by retinoids. Option D, all of the above, is not the correct answer because retinoids specifically enhance the synthesis of fibronectin and do not have a broad impact on the synthesis of collagenase or keratin proteins. Understanding the specific effects of retinoids on protein synthesis in cells is important in fields such as dermatology, where these compounds are commonly used in the treatment of skin conditions. By knowing the specific actions of retinoids, healthcare professionals can better tailor treatment regimens to target specific cellular processes and achieve desired therapeutic outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Epigastric pain and bowel upset. This side effect primarily limits the acceptability of oral iron therapy because iron supplements are known to cause gastrointestinal side effects such as stomach pain, nausea, constipation, and diarrhea. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and lead to poor adherence to the treatment, impacting its effectiveness in addressing iron deficiency. Option B) Black stools is a common side effect of iron therapy but it is not the primary reason for limiting acceptability. While it can be alarming, it is not typically a major factor in patients discontinuing treatment. Option C) Staining of teeth is not a common side effect of oral iron therapy. This side effect is more commonly associated with other medications like tetracycline antibiotics. Option D) Metallic taste is another common side effect of iron supplements, but it is usually mild and not as significant in impacting acceptability compared to the gastrointestinal side effects mentioned in option A. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the side effects of medications, such as oral iron therapy, in order to effectively counsel patients on what to expect and how to manage them. Understanding the primary side effects that may limit acceptability can help providers tailor their approach to improve patient compliance and treatment outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Iron sorbitol-citric acid differs from iron dextran in that it cannot be injected intravenously (i.v.) due to the risk of severe adverse reactions, such as anaphylactic shock. This is the correct answer (A) because iron sorbitol-citric acid is specifically formulated for intramuscular administration only. Option B is incorrect because both iron sorbitol-citric acid and iron dextran are excreted in urine after being metabolized. Option C is also incorrect as iron in both forms is bound to transferritin in plasma, facilitating its transport. Option D is not the key difference between the two forms of iron; the presence or absence of side effects is not the primary distinguishing factor. In an educational context, it is essential for healthcare professionals to be aware of the specific administration routes and potential adverse effects associated with different formulations of iron supplements. Understanding these differences can help prevent medication errors and ensure patient safety when prescribing or administering vitamin drugs.