Absence seizurare MOST often initially treated with

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Absence seizures, brief lapsin awareness, are best treated initially with ethosuximide , which targets T-type calcium channels in thalamic neurons, reducing absence seizure frequency with fewer side effects. Valproate is effective but broader-spectrum, used if absence coexists with other seizures, and has more side effects (e.g., weight gain). Lamotrigine is less effective for absence alone, while acetazolamide and clonazepam are secondary options. Guidelin(e.g., NICE) favor ethosuximide for its efficacy and tolerability in typical absence, making A the correct answer over broader or less specific alternatives.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: TSC diagnosis usmajor (e.g., shagreen patch) and minor featur(e.g., dental pits, gingival fibromas). Shagreen patch is a major feature connective tissue nevus not minor, unlike cerebral migration lin, dental pits , gingival fibromas , and bone cysts . This classification (TSC Consensus) distinguishA as the exception and correct answer, as it elevatdiagnostic weight beyond minor status.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Spastic quadriplegia is the most seizure-associated CP type, affecting all limbs and often linked to severe brain injury (e.g., HIE), increasing epilepsy risk (~50%). Spastic hemiplegia and diplegia have lower rat(~30% and 20%), while hypotonic and ataxic CP are less epileptogenic. Quadriplegias extensive cortical damage drivits seizure prevalence, making B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: By 9 months, infants pull to stand , use pincer grasp , play pat-a-cake , and imitate sounds , per developmental mileston(e.g., CDC). Coming when called emergcloser to 12 months, requiring advanced cognition and mobility. This lag response versus action makes D the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Major risk factors for febrile seizure recurrence include complex seizurprolonged, focal, or multiple due to their strong recurrence link (~50%). Lower fever , family history of seizuror epilepsy , and low sodium are minor risks with weaker impact. Complex seizurseverity marks D as the correct answer.