A -year-old boy is noted to have stereotypic body movements, poor verbal and nonverbal communication, and absent empathy. At daycare, he has not made any friends. The most likely diagnosis is

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) autism. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by stereotypic body movements, impaired communication skills, including verbal and nonverbal, and deficits in social interaction, such as absent empathy and difficulty forming friendships. Children with autism often struggle in social settings like daycare due to challenges in understanding social cues and forming relationships. Option A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is primarily characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While there may be some overlap in behaviors with autism, the absence of social communication deficits and stereotypic movements differentiate ADHD from autism. Option B) Dysthymic syndrome refers to a chronic type of depression characterized by a persistently low mood. This condition is not associated with the specific behavioral and social communication deficits seen in autism. Option C) Deaf-mutism is an outdated term and is not a recognized diagnosis. It refers to a combination of deafness and an inability to speak, which does not encompass the range of symptoms seen in autism. Educationally, understanding the key characteristics of autism is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working in pediatric nursing. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early can lead to timely interventions and support for children with autism to improve their quality of life and developmental outcomes. Identifying the differences between autism and other conditions helps in making accurate diagnoses and providing appropriate care and resources for children and their families.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this case, the correct diagnosis for the patient in Question 5 is C) obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is the likely diagnosis because the patient's symptoms, which may include snoring, gasping during sleep, daytime sleepiness, and pauses in breathing, are consistent with this condition. Option A, tonsillitis, is less likely as the symptoms described do not align with the typical presentation of tonsillitis, which includes sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. Option B, peritonsillar abscess, is also less likely as this condition is characterized by severe throat pain, difficulty opening the mouth, and a muffled voice, which are not mentioned in the scenario. Option D, Tangier disease, is an extremely rare genetic disorder characterized by the absence of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood, leading to a range of health issues, but it is not related to the symptoms described in the question. Educationally, understanding the differences in presentation, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria for various pediatric conditions is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children is important as it can have significant impacts on their health and well-being if left untreated. By discussing and differentiating between these conditions, nurses can enhance their clinical reasoning skills and provide effective care for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the impact of radiation sensitivity in certain diseases. The correct answer is B) Gardner syndrome because it is not associated with sensitivity to radiation. A) Ataxia-telangiectasia is a genetic disorder characterized by sensitivity to radiation due to defects in repairing DNA damage caused by radiation exposure. Individuals with this syndrome are at higher risk for developing cancer. C) Down syndrome is associated with an increased risk of leukemia, and individuals with Down syndrome may have heightened sensitivity to radiation, making them more susceptible to radiation-induced complications. D) Fanconi anemia is a rare genetic disorder that results in bone marrow failure and increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents like radiation. Patients with Fanconi anemia are at risk of developing leukemia and other cancers due to their sensitivity to radiation. Educationally, understanding which diseases are associated with sensitivity to radiation is vital for pediatric nurses when caring for children with these conditions. It helps in implementing appropriate precautions to minimize radiation exposure and in providing specialized care to manage the potential risks associated with radiation sensitivity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the treatment of Amanita poisoning, forced diuresis (Option B) is not recommended. Forced diuresis can worsen the condition by increasing the risk of fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Oral activated charcoal (Option A) is recommended as it can help absorb the toxins and reduce their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Silibinin (Option C) is also beneficial as it acts as a hepatoprotective agent, helping to protect the liver from the toxic effects of Amanita poisoning. Intravenous penicillin G (Option D) is not typically used in the treatment of Amanita poisoning and does not address the primary concerns of toxin absorption and liver protection. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the appropriate treatment for Amanita poisoning is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children who may be exposed to this toxin. Educating healthcare providers on the correct interventions can help prevent further harm and improve patient outcomes. It is essential to be aware of the potential complications of incorrect treatments, such as forced diuresis in this case, and to prioritize evidence-based practices in pediatric care.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: The correct answer is E) other comorbidities. Allergic rhinitis in children is recognized as a major chronic respiratory disease due to its high prevalence, significant impact on the quality of life, and interference with school performance. Allergic rhinitis affects a large proportion of children globally, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy eyes which can significantly impair their daily activities and overall well-being. Moreover, the condition can also result in poor school attendance and performance, affecting a child's academic success. The option "other comorbidities" is not a key feature used to recognize allergic rhinitis as a major chronic respiratory disease in children. While children with allergic rhinitis may indeed have other comorbid conditions, it is not the primary basis for recognizing allergic rhinitis as a significant health issue in this population. In an educational context, understanding the key features of allergic rhinitis in children is crucial for healthcare professionals, particularly pediatric nurses, as they play a vital role in the assessment, management, and education of children and their families affected by this condition. By recognizing the impact of allergic rhinitis on children's lives, nurses can provide comprehensive care and support to improve outcomes and quality of life for pediatric patients.