A woman who is planning to become pregnant should ensure that she receives adequate levels of which supplement to reduce the risk for fetal neural tube defects?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, folic acid. Folic acid is essential for the development of the fetal neural tube, reducing the risk of defects. Adequate levels are crucial before and during pregnancy. Vitamin B12 is important for neurological function, but not specifically for neural tube development. Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption but not directly related to neural tube defects. Iron is essential for red blood cell formation but does not specifically reduce the risk of neural tube defects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Charged cationic forms of local anesthetics do not penetrate biological membranes more readily than uncharged forms. This is because charged molecules have difficulty crossing cell membranes due to their polarity. In contrast, uncharged forms easily pass through lipid membranes. Therefore, statement B is incorrect. Statements A, C, and D are correct. A is true because local anesthetics can exist in both uncharged and cationic forms in tissues. C is true because local anesthetics are less effective in inflamed tissues due to increased acidity and altered tissue permeability. D is true because low pH in inflamed tissues inhibits the dissociation of nonionized molecules, reducing the effectiveness of local anesthetics.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mecamylamine. Mecamylamine is a ganglion-blocking drug that can be taken orally for hypertension. It blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in autonomic ganglia, leading to decreased sympathetic tone and vasodilation, which helps reduce blood pressure. Scopolamine (B) is an anticholinergic drug used for motion sickness, trimethaphane (C) is a ganglion-blocking drug but not suitable for oral administration, and vecuronium (D) is a neuromuscular blocking agent used during surgery.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is an alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2 receptor agonist. It acts on all four types of adrenergic receptors, making it unique among the choices. Methoxamine is a selective alpha1 agonist (A). Albuterol is a beta2 agonist (B). Norepinephrine is an alpha1, alpha2, and beta1 agonist, but not a beta2 agonist (D). Therefore, only epinephrine fits the criteria of being an alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2 receptor agonist.