A woman who is 8 months pregnant comments that she has noticed a change in her posture and is having lower back pain. The nurse tells her that during pregnancy, women have a posture shift to compensate for the enlarging fetus. This shift in posture is known as:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A: Lordosis Rationale: Lordosis is the exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine. During pregnancy, women experience lordosis to accommodate the enlarging uterus and fetus, leading to a shift in posture. This is a normal adaptation to maintain balance and support the additional weight of the pregnancy. The other choices, scoliosis, ankylosis, and kyphosis, do not specifically describe the postural change seen in pregnant women and are not related to the typical changes in posture during pregnancy. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine, ankylosis refers to abnormal stiffness in the joints, and kyphosis is an exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic spine.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Acute gout. Gout typically presents with sudden onset of severe pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected joint, commonly the big toe. In this case, the symptoms described align with acute gout, a condition caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joint. Osteoporosis (A) is characterized by weakened bones, not joint pain. Ankylosing spondylitis (C) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the spine, not typically presenting with toe pain. Degenerative joint disease (D) is a progressive condition involving the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, not usually causing sudden extreme pain like gout.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. A positive Allis sign in an infant indicates hip dislocation. When one knee is significantly lower than the other during the Ortolani-Barlow maneuver, it suggests hip dysplasia or dislocation. This finding requires further evaluation and intervention. Choice B is incorrect because a dislocated patella does not present with this specific sign. Choice C is incorrect as a negative Allis sign is actually normal and symmetric in infants. Choice D is incorrect because immediate evaluation and management are needed for a positive Allis sign, not waiting for 2 weeks.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Central and peripheral. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and generating responses. The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves outside the central nervous system, connecting the CNS to the rest of the body. Motor and sensory (choice A) are functions within the nervous system, not separate parts. Peripheral and autonomic (choice C) are both divisions of the peripheral nervous system, not the two main parts. Hypothalamus and cerebral (choice D) are specific structures within the brain, not the two main parts of the nervous system.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D): 1. "The peripheral nerves carry input to the central nervous system by afferent fibers and away from the central nervous system by efferent fibers." - This statement correctly describes the functions of afferent and efferent fibers in the peripheral nervous system. - Afferent fibers transmit sensory information from the peripheral organs to the central nervous system. - Efferent fibers transmit motor commands from the central nervous system to the peripheral organs. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: "The CNs enter the brain through the spinal cord." - Incorrect because cranial nerves (CNs) directly connect to the brain, bypassing the spinal cord. B: "Efferent fibers carry sensory input to the central nervous system through the spinal cord." - Incorrect because efferent fibers carry motor commands away from the central nervous system, not sensory input towards it. C: "The peripheral nerves are inside the central nervous system and carry impulses through their motor fibers