A woman who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus (or fetuses) reaching the stage of fetal viability is called a:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) primipara. In the context of pregnancy, a primipara refers to a woman who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus (or fetuses) reaching the stage of fetal viability. This term specifically signifies that the woman has given birth to her first viable child or children. Option B) primigravida is incorrect because it refers to a woman who is pregnant for the first time, regardless of the outcome of the pregnancy. This term does not indicate whether the pregnancy has resulted in a live birth. Option C) multipara is incorrect in this scenario as it refers to a woman who has completed two or more pregnancies resulting in viable offspring. Since the question specifies completion of only one pregnancy reaching the stage of fetal viability, multipara does not apply. Option D) nulligravida is also incorrect as it describes a woman who has never been pregnant. This term does not align with the scenario presented in the question. Understanding these terms is essential in the field of obstetrics and gynecology to accurately describe a woman's obstetric history. Knowing the distinctions between primipara, primigravida, multipara, and nulligravida helps healthcare providers communicate effectively and provide appropriate care based on a woman's previous pregnancy experiences.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: increased vascularity of the vagina increases sensitivity and may lead to a high degree of arousal, especially in the second trimester. This statement is accurate as during pregnancy, there is increased blood flow to the genital area, leading to heightened sensitivity and arousal. Educating pregnant patients about these physiological changes can help normalize their experiences and address any concerns they may have about their sexual health during pregnancy. Option A is incorrect because changes in the cervix during pregnancy do not make abnormal Pap tests easier to evaluate; in fact, healthcare providers may need to adjust their approach to interpreting Pap test results in pregnant individuals. Option B is inaccurate as quickening refers to the first perception of fetal movements by the pregnant person, not a technique of engaging the fetus in passive movement. Option C is also incorrect as Chadwick's sign, the deepening color of the vaginal mucosa and cervix, typically appears in the first trimester, not the second trimester or later. In an educational context, understanding the anatomical and physiological changes during pregnancy is crucial for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to provide accurate information and support to pregnant individuals. By being knowledgeable about these changes, nurses can effectively reassure and educate pregnant patients, promoting their overall well-being and enhancing their pregnancy experience.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) lactation is inhibited until the estrogen level declines after birth. This statement is accurate because during pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone suppress prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk production. After birth, when estrogen levels drop, prolactin can stimulate milk production, allowing lactation to begin. Option A is incorrect because the visibility of blood vessels around the areola is a normal physiological change in pregnancy due to increased blood flow, not necessarily an indication of Montgomery's tubercles function or infection. Option B is incorrect as mammary glands develop much earlier in pregnancy to prepare for lactation, not just 2 weeks before labor. Option D is incorrect because colostrum is a yellowish, nutrient-rich fluid produced in the breasts during pregnancy and immediately after birth, not an oily substance for lubrication. Educationally, understanding the hormonal changes that regulate lactation during pregnancy is crucial for nurses to provide accurate information and support to pregnant patients as they prepare for breastfeeding. This knowledge helps nurses reassure and educate patients about the normal physiological changes in their breasts during pregnancy and postpartum.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) compression of the iliac veins and inferior vena cava by the uterus contributes to hemorrhoids in the later stage of term pregnancy. This is the correct option because during pregnancy, as the uterus enlarges, it can put pressure on the blood vessels in the pelvis, leading to conditions like hemorrhoids due to impaired blood flow. Option A is incorrect because the size of the blood pressure cuff doesn't directly affect the actual blood pressure values; instead, it affects the accuracy of the readings. Option B is incorrect as it pertains to the technique of measuring blood pressure, which is important but not directly related to the changes in blood pressure during pregnancy. Option C is incorrect because both systolic and diastolic blood pressure tend to increase slightly during pregnancy due to the increased circulatory demands of the mother and fetus. Understanding the physiological changes in blood pressure during pregnancy is crucial for maternity nurses to provide accurate information and reassurance to pregnant patients. Educating patients about these changes can help alleviate anxiety and promote better self-care practices during pregnancy. It also enables nurses to identify abnormal blood pressure readings that may signal complications that require further evaluation and intervention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) increased bladder sensitivity and then compression of the bladder by the enlarging uterus results in the urge to urinate even if the bladder is almost empty. This is because during pregnancy, the growing uterus puts pressure on the bladder, causing frequent urination even when there is minimal urine in the bladder. This phenomenon is common in pregnant women and is a normal physiological response to the anatomical changes occurring in the body. Option A is incorrect because although increased urinary output is a common occurrence in pregnancy due to hormonal changes, it does not necessarily make pregnant women less susceptible to urinary infections. In fact, the increased urinary output can sometimes lead to urinary stasis, which can increase the risk of urinary tract infections. Option C is incorrect because renal function is not more efficient when a pregnant woman assumes a supine position. In fact, lying on the back (supine position) can compress the vena cava, reducing blood flow to the kidneys and potentially impacting renal function. Option D is incorrect because using diuretics during pregnancy is generally not recommended unless specifically prescribed by a healthcare provider for a medical condition. Diuretics can disrupt the delicate fluid balance in pregnancy and may have adverse effects on both the mother and the developing fetus. Educationally, understanding the changes in urinary function during pregnancy is crucial for maternity nurses to provide appropriate support and education to pregnant patients. By knowing the normal physiological adaptations, nurses can reassure and educate pregnant women about what to expect and when to seek medical advice if they have concerns about their urinary patterns.