A woman is sitting in a corner of the clinical waiting room, crying audibly. The nurse asks, “What’s wrong? Can I help?” The woman responds, “They just told me I have a positive mammogram and I need to see my doctor for follow-up tests. I know I’m going to die of cancer. How can I tell my family?” Which of the following information does the nurse need to know in order to help the woman cope with this finding?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The positive predictive value of mammography. In this scenario, the woman is distressed over a positive mammogram result, indicating a potential cancer diagnosis. Understanding the positive predictive value of mammography is crucial for the nurse to provide accurate information about the likelihood of the positive result truly indicating cancer. This information helps the nurse guide the woman on next steps and coping strategies. Choice A (The negative predictive value of mammography) is incorrect because the woman's concern is focused on a positive result indicating cancer, not on ruling out cancer. Choice C (The reliability of mammography) is incorrect as it pertains to the consistency of test results, which is not the immediate concern in this case. Choice D (The validity of mammography) is also incorrect as it refers to how accurately a test measures what it is intended to measure, but it does not directly address the woman's emotional distress and need for guidance on dealing with a positive result.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Host factors. Host factors refer to individual characteristics that influence susceptibility to a particular disease. In this scenario, the variation in illness among those exposed to the same bacteria suggests that host factors play a crucial role. Factors such as immune status, genetic predisposition, age, and overall health can affect an individual's ability to combat the bacterial illness. This explains why only some of the exposed individuals became ill. A: Chemical agent factors - This choice refers to agents like toxic chemicals, which are not directly relevant to the scenario described. B: Environmental factors - While environmental factors can play a role in disease transmission, the question specifically focuses on why only some individuals became ill despite exposure to the same bacteria. D: Physical agent factors - This choice relates to physical agents like radiation or trauma, which are not applicable to a bacterial illness scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because having a plausible explanation of how the new MCP could cause harm is essential to confidently present concerns to administration. This step involves understanding the potential mechanisms by which the MCP may be causing issues, providing a logical basis for the observed problems. Without a clear explanation, it would be challenging to convince administration of the causal link. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect: A: Merely having certain conditions present doesn't provide a solid foundation for presenting concerns without a plausible explanation. C: Relying solely on feelings without concrete evidence or reasoning is not sufficient to support the claim. D: While consistently seeing mouth inflammation is concerning, without understanding how the MCP could be causing it, it lacks a logical basis for presenting the issue to administration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cohort study. In a cohort study, the public health nurse follows a group of individuals over time to assess the relationship between exposure and disease occurrence. This type of study allows for the determination of potential cause and effect relationships. In contrast, an experimental study (choice A) involves intervention and manipulation of variables. A cross-sectional study (choice B) captures data at a single point in time without following individuals over time. A case-control study (choice D) involves comparing individuals with and without a disease to identify factors associated with the disease but does not provide information on the temporal sequence of exposure and disease occurrence.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Subclinical stage. At this stage, the client has elevated blood pressure but no symptoms yet. This stage is characterized by the presence of disease without clinical symptoms. The client is not in the Susceptibility stage (A) because they already have elevated blood pressure. The Clinical stage (C) is characterized by the presence of symptoms, which the client does not have. The Carrier stage (D) typically refers to individuals who harbor and transmit infectious agents without showing symptoms, not related to elevated blood pressure. Therefore, the Subclinical stage best describes the client's condition in this scenario.