A woman is sitting in a corner of the clinical waiting room, crying audibly. The nurse asks, "What's wrong? Can I help?" The woman responds, "They just told me I have a positive mammogram and I need to see my doctor for follow-up tests. I know I'm going to die of cancer. How can I tell my family?" What does the nurse need to know in order to help the woman cope with her news?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The positive predictive value of mammography. The nurse needs to understand the likelihood that a positive mammogram result truly indicates cancer in this specific patient. By knowing the positive predictive value, the nurse can provide accurate information and support to the woman. Choice A is incorrect because the negative predictive value is not relevant in this scenario. Choice C is incorrect as the reliability of mammography does not address the woman's immediate emotional distress. Choice D is incorrect as the validity of mammography does not directly help the nurse in supporting the woman's emotional needs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Would result in selection bias. Giving surveys only to high school students who are part of school organizations would lead to selection bias because the sample would not be representative of the entire student population. This bias could skew the results and make them less generalizable. A: Classification bias is not relevant in this context as it pertains to errors in categorizing individuals. B: Confounding bias occurs when an extraneous variable influences the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, which is not applicable in this scenario. C: Personal bias involves individual opinions or beliefs affecting data collection or interpretation, but it is not the primary concern in this case. In summary, selecting only students from school organizations would introduce selection bias, making the survey results unreliable for generalizing to the entire student body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it addresses the primary prevention of CAD through a multi-faceted approach. Starting a heart-healthy curriculum in first grade promotes early education on healthy habits. Presentations on diet and exercise for the community and special education sessions for high-risk populations help increase awareness and knowledge. This comprehensive strategy targets prevention at different levels of the community, making it more effective in reducing the incidence of CAD. Choice B focuses more on individual interventions like online activities and screenings, which may not reach the entire community effectively. Choice C emphasizes education and screenings but lacks a comprehensive approach to prevention compared to Choice A. Choice D focuses on clients already diagnosed with CAD rather than preventing it in the community.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the awareness of human susceptibility to animal diseases has been publicized, leading to a resurgence in focus on contagious infections. This is evident in recent outbreaks like Ebola and COVID-19 originating from animals. The other choices are incorrect because: A focuses on bioterrorism, which is a separate issue from the resurgence of contagious infections; C talks about drug-resistant strains, which is not the primary reason for the renewed focus on contagious infections; D suggests media exaggeration, which may play a role but is not the main reason for the resurgence.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In general systems theory, a subsystem is a smaller component within a larger system that performs specific functions. When a family moves to another home, it represents a change in the family's physical environment and living arrangements, impacting the family subsystem. This change can lead to adjustments in family dynamics, roles, and interactions within the family unit. On the other hand, choices A, B, and C relate to individual events or changes that may affect family members but do not directly impact the family subsystem as a whole. Divorce, job loss, and other personal events do not necessarily alter the structure or functioning of the family as a system.