A woman is sitting in a corner of the clinical waiting room, crying audibly. The nurse asks, “What’s wrong? Can I help?” The woman responds, “They just told me I have a positive mammogram and I need to see my doctor for follow-up tests. I know I’m going to die of cancer. How can I tell my family?” Which of the following information does the nurse need to know in order to help the woman cope with this finding?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The positive predictive value of mammography. The nurse needs to know the probability that a positive mammogram result truly indicates the presence of cancer in this specific woman. Understanding the positive predictive value will help the nurse provide accurate information and emotional support to the woman. Choice A (negative predictive value) is not relevant as the woman has a positive result. Choice C (reliability) and D (validity) are important but do not address the specific concern of the woman about the likelihood of having cancer based on a positive result.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Host factors. Host factors refer to individual characteristics that influence susceptibility to an infection. In this case, some people exposed to the bacteria may have stronger immune systems or other genetic predispositions that make them more resistant to the illness. This explains why only some individuals become ill despite exposure. A: Chemical agent factors are not relevant in this scenario as the question focuses on the individual's response to the bacteria rather than specific chemicals involved. B: Environmental factors may play a role in the spread of the bacteria but do not explain why only some individuals become ill. D: Physical agent factors typically refer to physical forces causing injury, which are not directly applicable to a bacterial illness scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (B): A plausible explanation of how the new MCP could cause harm is crucial for the nurse to confidently present concerns to administration. Without understanding how the MCP could be causing issues, it would be challenging to convince administration of the need for changes. This step ensures that the nurse has a solid basis for their argument and can clearly articulate the potential risks associated with the new procedure. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: While having specific criteria present can strengthen the case, it is not the primary factor for determining if the MCP is causing problems. C: Relying solely on personal feelings or intuition is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the MCP is causing harm. D: Observing consistent mouth inflammation is important but does not provide a clear causal relationship between the MCP and the issues, lacking the necessary explanation of how harm is being caused.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cohort study. In a cohort study, participants are followed over time to evaluate the relationship between exposure/lifestyle factors and disease occurrence. This allows for the assessment of causality and temporal sequence. The public health nurse is collecting exposure and lifestyle information to observe how they influence disease development in the future. Cross-sectional studies (B) assess factors and outcomes at a single point in time, not over time like cohort studies. Experimental studies (A) involve interventions and randomization which is not the case here. Case-control studies (D) are retrospective and compare individuals with and without the disease, not following them over time like in a cohort study.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Subclinical stage. In this stage, the client has elevated blood pressure but no symptoms are present. This stage is characterized by the presence of the disease without noticeable symptoms. It is important for the nurse to identify and monitor clients in the subclinical stage to prevent progression to more severe stages. Choice A: Susceptibility stage refers to the stage where the client is at risk of developing the disease but has not yet been affected. Elevated blood pressure without symptoms indicates that the disease has already manifested, ruling out the susceptibility stage. Choice C: Clinical stage would involve the presence of symptoms, which is not the case with the client in question. Therefore, this choice is incorrect. Choice D: Carrier stage typically refers to individuals who harbor a pathogen without showing symptoms themselves, which is not applicable to a client with elevated blood pressure. Hence, this choice is incorrect.