Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a woman in active labor exhibits signs of prolonged second stage, such as ineffective pushing efforts and slow fetal descent, one of the maternal conditions that should be considered is pelvic floor dysfunction. The pelvic floor muscles play a crucial role in supporting the uterus, bladder, and rectum. If these muscles are weak or dysfunctional, it can lead to difficulty in pushing effectively and impede the descent of the fetus through the birth canal. This can result in prolonged labor and increase the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby. Therefore, assessing for pelvic floor dysfunction is important in addressing the abnormal labor pattern and providing appropriate interventions to support the progress of labor.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bronchoscopy. This procedure involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera through the mouth or nose to examine the tracheobronchial tree. It allows direct visualization of the airways, collection of tissue samples for biopsy, and detection of abnormalities like tumors. A: CT scan provides detailed images of the lungs but does not allow for direct tissue sampling. C: Sputum cytology involves examining sputum for cancer cells but may not provide accurate results. D: PET scan is used to detect metabolic activity in tissues, including tumors, but does not provide detailed visualization of the airways or allow for biopsies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Salary of nurses. In a study, the researcher is likely to exclude salary as it is not directly related to the quality of patient care. The focus should be on factors like responsiveness, caring attitude, and competence of nurses, which directly impact patient outcomes. Including salary may introduce bias and distract from the main objective of studying patient care quality. Responsiveness, caring attitude, and competence are crucial aspects of nursing care that directly influence patient satisfaction and health outcomes. Salary, on the other hand, is an external factor that may not directly correlate with the quality of care provided.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lie on the affected area. This position would hinder drainage and increase pressure on the affected area. A: Tilt head to the side if sitting up, is correct as it promotes drainage. C: Putting pillows behind the head can also aid drainage. D: Lying on the non-affected ear can help reduce pressure on the affected side.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones, making individuals more susceptible to fractures, especially with minor trauma or falls. In the context of a patient prone to fractures, nurses should be particularly cautious about fall prevention. A: The aging process alone does not necessarily lead to an increased risk of fractures. While aging is a risk factor for osteoporosis, it is not the direct cause of fractures in this case. C: Changes in vision can contribute to an increased risk of falls, but it is not the primary reason for the patient being prone to fractures in this scenario. D: Hematologic conditions may affect bone health, but they are not typically the primary cause of increased fracture risk in patients.