A urinary tract infection (UTI) is caused by:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: UTIs are bacterial (E. coli common) not viral, fungal (rare), or dietary. This identifies primary cause, key for treatment, contrasting with less common etiologies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Podocytes have secondary processes (pedicels) contacting the basal lamina, form the visceral layer, and contain actin microfilaments all true. This comprehensively describes podocytes, key for filtration slits, contrasting with partial descriptions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: DCT responds to aldosterone (Na+/K+), ANF (Na+ excretion), and ADH (water) all apply. This encompasses hormonal regulation, key for electrolyte/water balance, contrasting with single or no control.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Collecting ducts have principal (light) and intercalated (dark) cells, respond to ADH, and concentrate urine all true. This fully describes their role, key for water balance, contrasting with partial traits.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Arcuate arteries feed interlobular arteries not afferent (next), interlobar (prior), or glomerular (misnomer). This orders renal blood flow, critical for perfusion, contrasting with missteps.