A TH2 immune response will not induce

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: The correct answer is E because a TH2 immune response is associated with isotype switching to IgE and secretion of IL-4, which are essential for allergic responses. Activation of macrophages is not associated with a TH2 response. Resistance to Leishmania infection is mediated by a TH1 response, not TH2.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: DAMPs formation. Alum is known to trigger the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are endogenous molecules released by damaged cells. This activation of DAMPs plays a crucial role in initiating and enhancing the immune response. The other choices, TLR4, NOD1, and TLR9, are receptors involved in recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) rather than DAMPs. Therefore, they are not directly triggered by alum. This makes choice B the correct answer based on the known mechanism of action of alum as an adjuvant.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by mutations of the NADPH oxidase genes, leading to defective respiratory burst in neutrophils. Neutrophils are recruited to sites of infection normally in CGD. Therefore, choice A is incorrect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because CGD is indeed associated with defective respiratory burst of neutrophils due to mutations in NADPH oxidase genes, leading to recurrent bacterial infections.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Complement activation. Phagocytosis by macrophages involves engulfing and digesting pathogens. Complement activation occurs through a separate pathway involving a series of proteins that enhance the immune response. Phagocytosis does not directly lead to complement activation. Choices A, B, and C are outcomes of phagocytosis in macrophages: Respiratory burst involves production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide production helps destroy pathogens, and antigen presentation is important for activating other immune cells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Passive immunization does not involve transferring naïve lymphocytes; instead, it transfers pre-formed antibodies for immediate protection. Choice D is incorrect because lymphocytes do not produce antibodies directly. Choices A, B, and C are correct: Passive immunization has been used for Ebola, transfers serum with antibodies, and provides immediate protection with pre-formed antibodies.