A teenager has been using laxatives for constipation but shows signs of erosion of tooth enamel. Which disorder is the client most likely experiencing?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Bulimia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as laxative abuse to prevent weight gain. The erosion of tooth enamel, known as dental erosion, is a common consequence of frequent vomiting or laxative abuse seen in individuals with bulimia nervosa. Option B) Binge eating disorder is incorrect because although it involves recurrent episodes of binge eating, individuals with this disorder do not engage in compensatory behaviors like laxative abuse. Option C) Idiopathic constipation is unlikely in this case as the erosion of tooth enamel is not typically associated with this condition. Option D) Irritable bowel syndrome does not typically lead to the use of laxatives in the manner described in the question, making it an unlikely choice. From an educational perspective, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the physical manifestations of eating disorders and understanding the potential consequences of behaviors like laxative abuse. It emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to be vigilant in assessing and addressing the underlying issues contributing to such symptoms in adolescents.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion, understanding the symptoms and warning signs of anorexia nervosa is crucial for healthcare professionals. The correct answer, option A) Lack of menstruation in females, is a key symptom of anorexia nervosa. This is due to the severe calorie restriction and low body weight associated with the disorder, leading to hormonal imbalances that disrupt the menstrual cycle. Option B) Preoccupation with food is a common feature of eating disorders like bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder, but it is not specific to anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restrictive eating patterns rather than preoccupation with food. Option C) Eating only small amounts of certain foods may be seen in individuals with selective eating disorders but does not capture the overall restriction of food intake that defines anorexia nervosa. Option D) Dramatic weight fluctuations are more indicative of conditions like bulimia nervosa, where cycles of binging and purging can lead to weight changes, rather than the consistent low body weight seen in anorexia nervosa. Educationally, it is important to emphasize the specific diagnostic criteria and symptoms of anorexia nervosa to differentiate it from other eating disorders. Understanding these distinctions is essential for accurate identification, treatment, and management of individuals with eating disorders in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, option C, a 30-year-old woman who volunteers at a soup kitchen, exemplifies Kohlberg’s postconventional level of moral reasoning. This is because volunteering at a soup kitchen demonstrates a commitment to societal welfare and ethical principles beyond personal gain or adherence to rules. At the postconventional level, individuals are guided by their internal moral principles and values, rather than external factors. Option A, the 28-year-old who helps a friend move despite calling in sick, reflects conventional moral reasoning as it involves adherence to social norms and expectations. Option B, the 22-year-old man who uses marijuana on weekends, and option D, the 35-year-old working long hours for a promotion, both align more with lower levels of moral reasoning, focusing on personal gratification and external rewards rather than ethical principles. Educationally, understanding Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is crucial in pharmacology as it can impact healthcare professionals' decision-making processes, ethical considerations in patient care, and interactions with colleagues and the community. By recognizing different levels of moral reasoning, pharmacology students can strive to develop a deeper understanding of ethical dilemmas and make more informed decisions in their practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the risks associated with oral contraceptive methods is crucial for nurses to educate patients effectively. The correct answer is C) Blood clots. Oral contraceptives containing estrogen have been associated with an increased risk of blood clots, particularly deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. This risk is important to stress because blood clots can lead to serious complications such as stroke or heart attack. Option A) Toxic shock syndrome is a potential risk with tampon use, not specifically related to oral contraceptives. Option B) Nausea is a common side effect of oral contraceptives but is typically not considered a significant risk. Option D) Ectopic pregnancy is a risk associated with contraceptive failure rather than with the oral contraceptive method itself. Educationally, nurses should emphasize the importance of discussing individual risk factors with healthcare providers before starting oral contraceptives. Patients should be informed about the potential risks and benefits of different contraceptive methods to make informed decisions about their reproductive health. Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers can help mitigate risks associated with oral contraceptives.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The most appropriate nurse response in this scenario is option D: "Tell me about your diet, how much walking you do each day, and what medications you take." This response is correct because it demonstrates the nurse's intention to gather comprehensive information about the patient's lifestyle, dietary habits, physical activity levels, and medication use. By understanding these factors, the nurse can provide personalized recommendations to help the patient reduce her risk of developing osteoporosis. Option A is incorrect because it minimizes the importance of individual risk factors and does not address the patient's specific concerns. Option B is also incorrect as it promotes a fatalistic view and overlooks the potential for preventive measures. Option C, while mentioning the need for calcium, oversimplifies the approach to preventing osteoporosis by focusing solely on one aspect of bone health. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to approach patient concerns with empathy, gather relevant information through thorough assessment, and provide individualized recommendations based on evidence-based practices. Osteoporosis prevention involves a multifaceted approach that includes dietary modifications, weight-bearing exercises, lifestyle changes, and sometimes medication management. By engaging in a dialogue with the patient and exploring all relevant factors, nurses can empower individuals to take proactive steps towards maintaining bone health and overall well-being.