A teacher recommends that surveys to obtain data on drug use be given to high school students when they meet for various school organizations. Which of the following best describes why the nurse would reject this suggestion?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: This method of data collection would result in selection bias. By administering surveys only to students who are part of school organizations, the sample is not representative of the entire student population, leading to selection bias. This bias can skew the results and make them less generalizable. A: Classification bias is when participants are inaccurately categorized, not relevant in this context. B: Confounding bias occurs when an external factor influences the relationship between the variables being studied, not applicable here. C: Personal bias involves individual opinions affecting the results, which is not the issue with this method of data collection.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: - Endemic levels refer to consistent, expected rates of disease in a specific area. - Choice A states there are usually 20-30 cases each week, consistent with endemic levels. - The fact that there were 29 cases this past week aligns with the usual range, indicating endemicity. - This means the disease is consistently present in that area without significant spikes or drops. Summary of Incorrect Choices: - Choice B: The usual rate in this choice is much lower than endemic levels, making it unlikely to be endemic. - Choice C: The usual rate is exceeded significantly in the past week, indicating an outbreak rather than endemicity. - Choice D: The global scale mentioned is not relevant to determining endemic levels in a single area.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Connecting poor sanitation with negative health outcomes. This highlights Florence Nightingale's role as an epidemiologist because she was one of the first to recognize the link between poor sanitation and disease spread. She conducted studies showing how improving sanitation could reduce infection rates, laying the foundation for modern epidemiology. A: Dressing soldiers' infected wounds - While this was an important part of Nightingale's work as a nurse, it does not specifically highlight her role as an epidemiologist. C: Developing training schools for nurses and midwives - Nightingale's contribution to nursing education is significant, but it does not directly relate to her role as an epidemiologist. D: Changing linens and frequently bathing clients - These actions are important for infection control but do not specifically showcase Nightingale's role as an epidemiologist in identifying the root causes of disease outbreaks.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pathogenicity. In the epidemiological triad model, pathogenicity refers to the ability of an agent to cause disease. This factor is crucial as it directly relates to the agent's capability to infect and harm individuals. Pathogenicity influences the agent's virulence, infectivity, and capability to cause disease outbreaks. Susceptibility (B) refers to the host's vulnerability to the agent and is not directly related to the agent itself. Reservoirs (C) refer to the environment where the agent resides and can multiply, but it is not a factor related to the agent's inherent characteristics. Environmental changes (D) may affect the transmission of the agent but do not specifically relate to the agent's properties. Therefore, pathogenicity is the most relevant factor related to the agent when discussing the epidemiological triad.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because sharing needles or other equipment contaminated with blood is a significant risk factor for contracting hepatitis C. By instructing individuals to avoid sharing such equipment, the nurse is targeting a key mode of transmission for the virus. This primary prevention strategy directly addresses the root cause of hepatitis C transmission in high-risk populations. Choice A is incorrect because while screening for hepatitis C is important, it is not a primary prevention strategy. Choice B is incorrect as handwashing is essential for preventing the spread of infections like hepatitis A and E, not hepatitis C. Choice C is incorrect because immunizations against other viral hepatitis infections do not protect against hepatitis C specifically. In summary, advising individuals to avoid sharing needles or equipment contaminated with blood is the most effective primary prevention strategy for hepatitis C compared to the other choices provided.