A student nurse is learning about prenatal testing for fetal genetic disorders and neural tube defects. What prenatal tests are screening tests in the second trimester? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of prenatal testing for fetal genetic disorders and neural tube defects, selecting the correct screening tests in the second trimester is crucial for accurate assessment. The correct answer, option B - multiple marker screening, is an appropriate choice for this stage of pregnancy. Multiple marker screening, also known as quad screen or quadruple marker test, is typically performed between 15 to 20 weeks of gestation. This test evaluates maternal blood levels of various markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol, and inhibin A. Abnormal levels of these markers can indicate an increased risk of certain genetic disorders or neural tube defects in the fetus. In contrast, options A, C, and D are not typically performed as screening tests in the second trimester. Amniocentesis (option A) and chorionic villus sampling (CVS - option D) are diagnostic tests that involve sampling of amniotic fluid or placental tissue respectively, and are usually performed in the second trimester for definitive genetic testing if an abnormality is detected on a screening test. Cell-free DNA testing (option C) is a non-invasive prenatal test that analyzes fetal DNA circulating in the maternal bloodstream. While it can be performed in the second trimester, it is not typically considered a screening test for fetal genetic disorders and neural tube defects during this specific stage of pregnancy. Educationally, understanding the timing and purpose of different prenatal tests is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in prenatal care. By knowing which tests are appropriate for screening in each trimester, nurses and other healthcare providers can effectively educate and support expectant parents in making informed decisions about their prenatal testing options. This knowledge also enables healthcare professionals to interpret test results accurately and provide appropriate counseling and guidance based on the findings.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Heartburn occurs because the cardiac sphincter relaxes, allowing stomach acid to come up into the esophagus. This is the appropriate response because during pregnancy, the hormone progesterone causes relaxation of the smooth muscle in the body, including the cardiac sphincter. This relaxation allows stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus, leading to heartburn. It is important for the pregnant person to understand this physiological change to manage their symptoms effectively. Option A is incorrect because heartburn during pregnancy is not solely due to food cravings. Option B is incorrect as increased salivation does not directly cause heartburn. Option D is incorrect because while metabolism does increase during pregnancy, it is the relaxation of the cardiac sphincter that primarily contributes to heartburn in pregnant individuals. Understanding the physiological changes during pregnancy is crucial for healthcare providers to educate pregnant individuals on managing common discomforts and promoting overall well-being during this unique life stage. By explaining the underlying mechanisms, nurses empower pregnant individuals to make informed decisions regarding their health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of Reva Rubin's maternal tasks during pregnancy, scheduling a childbirth class (option B) is the correct answer. This task reflects the preparation and education aspect of Rubin's theory, where the pregnant person actively seeks out knowledge and information to prepare for childbirth. This action helps the individual gain confidence and feel more in control of the upcoming birth experience. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly align with Rubin's identified maternal tasks. Developing attachment to the fetus (option A) is part of the psychological adaptation process but not specifically listed as one of Rubin's tasks. Encouraging the partner's attachment to the fetus (option C) and acknowledging the fetus as a separate person (option D) are important aspects of pregnancy but are not included in Rubin's framework of maternal tasks. Educationally, understanding Rubin's theory of maternal tasks is crucial for healthcare providers working with pregnant individuals. By recognizing these tasks, professionals can better support and guide pregnant clients through their emotional and psychological journey during pregnancy, ultimately improving maternal and fetal outcomes. It also highlights the importance of comprehensive prenatal education and support for expectant parents.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and pregnancy, it is crucial for nurses to provide comprehensive education to pregnant individuals regarding self-care measures. In this scenario, the correct answers are limiting fluid intake near bedtime (option C). 1. **Limiting fluid near bedtime**: Educating pregnant individuals about limiting fluid intake before bedtime is important to prevent nocturia, which can disrupt sleep and lead to discomfort. This advice helps reduce the frequency of nighttime bathroom visits, promoting better rest and overall well-being during pregnancy. 2. **Good hygiene (option A)**: While good hygiene is important in general, it is not specifically a second-trimester priority in the context of self-care measures. While hygiene is crucial for overall health, it is not as directly related to the physical discomforts and challenges that may arise during the second trimester. 3. **Wearing maternity clothing (option B)**: While wearing appropriate maternity clothing is important for comfort and to accommodate a growing belly, it is more of a personal preference and comfort issue rather than a critical self-care measure that directly impacts the health and well-being of the pregnancy. 4. **Leg cramps (option D)**: Leg cramps are common during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters. While managing leg cramps is essential, it is not the most critical self-care measure to address during the second trimester. Proper hydration, adequate rest, and gentle stretching exercises are typically recommended for managing leg cramps. By prioritizing the restriction of fluid intake near bedtime, nurses can empower pregnant individuals to make informed decisions that promote their comfort and well-being during the second trimester of pregnancy, thereby enhancing their overall experience and health outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, option B is the correct answer because the placenta is responsible for fetal waste disposal during pregnancy. The placenta acts as a barrier that filters out waste products produced by the fetus, such as carbon dioxide and urea, and transfers them to the maternal circulation for elimination. This process is crucial for maintaining a healthy environment for the developing fetus. Option A is incorrect because while the placenta does filter substances, its primary role is not to filter hormones to support the pregnancy. Option C is incorrect because although the placenta provides some protection, it does not prevent all viruses from harming the fetus. Option D is incorrect because while the placenta does play a role in regulating certain substances like glucose, its main function is not specifically to regulate glucose levels in the fetus. Educationally, understanding the functions of the placenta is essential in prenatal care and pharmacology. Nurses and healthcare providers must educate pregnant individuals about the role of the placenta in supporting fetal development and maintaining a healthy pregnancy. This knowledge helps ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby throughout the gestational period.