A staff nurse describes the unit manager as 'a born leader.' The nurse ascribes to which theory of leadership?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trait theories. This is because the nurse's description of the unit manager as 'a born leader' aligns with the trait approach to leadership that focuses on inherent qualities and characteristics of individuals that make them effective leaders. Trait theories suggest that certain traits such as intelligence, charisma, and decisiveness are inherent in effective leaders. The other choices are incorrect because B: Behavioral theories focus on the actions and behaviors of leaders, C: Formal leadership theories emphasize organizational structures and roles, and D: Democratic leadership theories pertain to leadership styles rather than inherent traits.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Self-actualization. This level in Maslow's hierarchy is rarely met because it represents the highest level of personal growth and fulfillment, where individuals achieve their full potential and self-realization. Most people do not reach this level as it requires a deep understanding of oneself and a continuous journey of personal development. Esteem (A), Safety (B), and Belongingness (D) are more basic needs that are relatively easier to fulfill compared to self-actualization. These lower levels focus on physical and social needs that are essential for survival and well-being, whereas self-actualization involves achieving one's highest aspirations and inner fulfillment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it presents a situation where a nurse must navigate conflicting values, such as respecting patient autonomy while upholding professional ethical standards. By complying with the patient's request, the nurse may compromise ethical principles. A: Choosing between two equally undesirable alternatives is a moral dilemma, not necessarily an ethical dilemma. B: Reporting a colleague's unethical behavior is an ethical obligation, not a dilemma. C: Balancing patient confidentiality with the need to disclose information is an ethical consideration, but it does not inherently present a dilemma as it can be managed through established guidelines.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glyburide stimulates insulin production and release from the pancreas. 1. Glyburide belongs to the sulfonylurea class of drugs, which works by stimulating the pancreas to produce and release more insulin. 2. This action helps to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. 3. By increasing insulin secretion, glyburide helps improve glucose utilization in the body. Incorrect choices: A: Glyburide does not decrease glucagon secretion from the pancreas; it primarily affects insulin production. C: Glyburide should not be taken if the morning blood glucose level is low to prevent hypoglycemia. D: Glyburide does not have a specific interaction with IV contrast media; caution is needed with other medications that may interact.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Suppression. The nurse manager chose to suppress the conflict by asking the staff nurse to transfer, avoiding direct confrontation. This tactic aims to remove the conflict from the unit without addressing the root cause. Avoidance (A) is not correct as the manager did take action. Withdrawal (B) implies the nurse manager removed themselves from the conflict, which is not the case. Competition (D) involves a win-lose approach, which is not evident in this scenario.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because when an ethical dilemma involves two or more equally unpleasant choices, it can be challenging for decision-makers to come to a consensus. This is known as a moral dilemma, where there is no clear right or wrong option, making it difficult to reach an agreement. In such cases, individuals may have strong convictions about different courses of action, leading to a deadlock in decision-making. Incorrect choices: A: One or more of the parties may be able to reconcile their values - This choice suggests that parties can find common ground by adjusting their values, which is not always possible in complex ethical dilemmas. B: The patient’s point of view is recognized as valuable - While recognizing the patient's perspective is important, it may not directly address the core reason why an agreement cannot be reached. D: The institution is unable to honor the patient’s request - This choice focuses on institutional constraints rather than the fundamental nature of ethical dilemmas and decision-making processes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. This question is most appropriate as unintentional weight loss is a common symptom of type 1 diabetes due to the body's inability to properly use glucose for energy. The nurse should ask about weight loss to assess the patient's overall health status. Explanation: A: Asking about anorexia assumes a specific eating disorder, which may not be relevant to the patient's symptoms of diabetes. B: Dark colored urine may indicate dehydration, but it is not specific to type 1 diabetes symptoms. D: Craving sugary drinks may suggest a preference for sweet beverages but does not directly relate to the onset of type 1 diabetes symptoms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because a sentinel event is a serious, unexpected occurrence in a healthcare setting that results in death or serious physical or psychological harm to a patient. A patient suicide while in a healthcare facility meets this criteria. A is incorrect as a fall with no injury is not a sentinel event. B is incorrect as a medication error resulting in no harm is not a sentinel event. D is incorrect as a near miss incident, although serious, does not result in harm to the patient.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Continuous improvement. Total Quality Management (TQM) focuses on constantly improving processes, products, and services to meet or exceed customer expectations. TQM involves all employees in identifying and solving problems, emphasizing continuous learning and innovation. A: Top-down management is incorrect because TQM encourages involvement and empowerment of employees at all levels, not just top management. B: Employee-centered approach is incorrect because while TQM values employees and their contributions, it is primarily focused on improving overall quality and processes, not solely centered on employees. D: Quality control is incorrect because TQM goes beyond traditional quality control methods to encompass a holistic approach to quality management through continuous improvement efforts.