A side effect given off by

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A side effect of a medication is an unintended or undesired effect that occurs in addition to the desired therapeutic effect. Bloody stools can be a serious side effect of certain medications, indicating potential gastrointestinal bleeding. It is important to monitor for this side effect and report it to a healthcare provider promptly if observed, as it may require immediate medical attention. Changes in stomach pH, thirst, and constipation are also potential side effects of medications, but bloody stools indicate a more severe issue that should be addressed promptly.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Insulin glargine is a type of long-acting insulin that is given via subcutaneous injection. Subcutaneous administration involves injecting the medication into the fatty tissue layer just beneath the skin. This route allows for slow and consistent absorption of the insulin into the bloodstream, providing a prolonged effect on lowering blood sugar levels. Insulin cannot be taken orally because it would be broken down by the digestive system before it could be effective. Intravenous (IV) administration is also not appropriate for insulin glargine because it is meant to have a slow, sustained release in the body, which cannot be achieved with IV administration. Sublingual administration, where a medication is placed under the tongue for absorption, is not suitable for insulin as it requires specific pathways for absorption that are not present under the tongue.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Penicillin is classified as an antibiotic drug, specifically an antibacterial agent. It is used to treat various bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria or killing them directly. Therefore, it is not categorized as an antiarrhythmic, anticonvulsant, or mood stabilizer. Instead, Penicillin falls under the classification of drugs that are effective against bacterial infections, making it an "anti-ineffective" drug.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) inhibitors are known to act on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to the active angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and also stimulates the release of aldosterone, leading to increased blood pressure. By inhibiting ACE, ACE inhibitors help to lower blood pressure and reduce the secretion of aldosterone, thereby decreasing the overall vasoconstriction and volume expansion effects of the RAAS. Examples of ACE inhibitors include medications such as lisinopril, enalapril, and captopril.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Styptics and astringents are hemostatic agents that work by precipitating tissue proteins in the immediate area of a small vessel to stop bleeding. Styptics such as alum, silver nitrate, and ferric subsulfate directly induce coagulation at the site of bleeding, forming a protective scab to stop the flow of blood. Astringents like tannic acid work by tightening the tissue proteins around the blood vessel to create a seal and halt bleeding. These agents are commonly used in the management of minor cuts and wounds to promote hemostasis.