A runner collapses at a marathon event in a hot, humid climate and is brought to the medical tent. Symptoms include weakness, sunken eyes, and a rapid heartbeat. What is the most immediate course of action?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer oral rehydration salts. This is the most immediate course of action because the runner is likely experiencing dehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to the hot and humid climate. Oral rehydration salts will help replenish lost fluids and electrolytes quickly. Providing plain water (choice B) may not be sufficient to address the electrolyte imbalance. Beginning intravenous fluid therapy (choice C) is not necessary at this stage unless the runner is in severe condition. Cooling the patient with ice packs and fans (choice D) may help with heat exhaustion but does not address the underlying issue of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is option C, a person with a serious infection and fever. During an infection and fever, the body's metabolic rate increases as part of the immune response to combat the illness. This heightened metabolic rate necessitates additional nutritional support to meet the increased energy demands required for the body to fight off the infection and aid in the healing process. Option A, a healthy young adult who works in an office, would not typically have an increased metabolic rate unless engaged in strenuous physical activity. Thus, this individual may not require additional nutritional interventions beyond a well-balanced diet. Option B, a retired person living in a temperate climate, is unlikely to have an increased metabolic rate unless engaged in physical activities that would boost their energy requirements. Therefore, this individual may not need specific nutritional interventions solely based on their living situation. Option D, an older, sedentary adult with painful joints, may have a lower metabolic rate due to reduced physical activity levels. While nutritional interventions may still be necessary to support overall health and joint function, this individual is less likely to require the same level of nutritional support as someone with an increased metabolic rate due to illness. Educationally, understanding factors that influence metabolic rate and nutritional needs is crucial in providing appropriate care for individuals with varying health conditions. Recognizing when increased energy demands are present, such as during illness, highlights the importance of tailored nutritional interventions to support optimal health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of nutrition and fluid balance, the correct answer to the question, "What health problem may occur in a person who is on a low-carbohydrate diet for a long period of time?" is option C) ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic state that occurs when the body is deprived of carbohydrates and starts to burn fat for energy, leading to the production of ketones. The correct answer is right because a prolonged low-carbohydrate diet can push the body into ketosis, which can have various implications on health. While the body can adapt to using fat for fuel, prolonged ketosis can lead to potential risks such as kidney stones, bad breath, fatigue, and in severe cases, ketoacidosis. Option A) obesity is incorrect because a low-carbohydrate diet is often used for weight loss and can actually help in reducing body fat when followed correctly. Option B) fatigue may occur initially as the body adapts to using fat as fuel, but it is not a long-term health problem associated with low-carb diets. Option D) infection is unrelated to the metabolic changes associated with low-carbohydrate diets. Educationally, understanding the effects of different macronutrients on the body is crucial for making informed dietary choices. It's important to emphasize that while low-carb diets can be effective for weight loss, they should be followed with caution and ideally under the guidance of a healthcare provider to prevent potential health risks like ketosis. Balancing macronutrients and choosing a diet that suits individual needs and lifestyle is key to maintaining overall health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of healthcare, understanding the term "anorexia" is crucial for effective patient care. The correct answer is B) lack of appetite. Anorexia, in this context, refers to a decreased desire to eat, leading to reduced food intake. This can result from various factors such as illness, medications, psychological distress, or underlying medical conditions. Option A) eating more than daily requirements is incorrect because anorexia is characterized by a reduced appetite and decreased food intake, not excessive eating. Option C) vitamin C deficiency is incorrect as anorexia does not specifically refer to a deficiency in a particular nutrient like vitamin C. Option D) fluid deficit is incorrect as anorexia pertains to a lack of appetite rather than dehydration or fluid imbalance. Educationally, it is important for healthcare professionals to accurately interpret and document terminologies like anorexia to provide appropriate care for their patients. By understanding the correct definition of anorexia, nurses and other healthcare providers can address nutritional concerns, monitor intake, and collaborate with the healthcare team to improve the patient's overall well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is option D: "What prescribed and over-the-counter medicines do you take?" This question is important for nutritional assessment in an older adult because medications can have a significant impact on their nutritional status. Certain medications can affect appetite, taste perception, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and metabolism. For example, some medications can cause side effects like nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite, leading to poor nutritional intake. By understanding the medications an older adult is taking, a nurse can assess potential risks to their nutritional health and make appropriate interventions or referrals. Option A, "Why don't you eat more meat? You need protein," is incorrect because it assumes that meat is the only source of protein and overlooks the individual's dietary preferences, restrictions, or cultural considerations. Nutrition is a complex and individualized aspect of health, and a one-size-fits-all approach is not appropriate. Option B, "When did you first notice that you had this sore on your heel?" is unrelated to nutritional assessment and focuses on a wound care issue, not dietary intake. Option C, "What kinds of foods did you prepare when your husband was alive?" is also irrelevant to nutritional assessment in an older adult. It focuses on past dietary habits that may not reflect the individual's current nutritional status or needs. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to understand the interconnectedness of medications and nutrition in older adults. By asking about medications, healthcare providers can identify potential barriers to optimal nutrition and tailor interventions to support the individual's nutritional well-being. This highlights the importance of a holistic approach to healthcare that considers all factors influencing a person's health and well-being.