A registered nurse (RN) is caring for a patient who is one of Jehovah’s Witnesses and has refused a blood transfusion even though her hemoglobin is dangerously low. After providing information about all the alternatives available and risks and benefits of each, the health-care provider allows the patient to determine which course of treatment she would prefer. The RN knows this is an example of which ethical principle?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Autonomy. Autonomy is the ethical principle that emphasizes respecting the patient's right to make their own decisions about their healthcare. In this scenario, the RN respects the patient's autonomy by providing all necessary information and allowing the patient to choose whether or not to accept a blood transfusion, despite the potential risks. This decision-making process aligns with the patient's right to self-determination. Summary of other choices: B: Nonmaleficence - Focuses on avoiding harm to the patient, but in this case, the patient's autonomy takes precedence over nonmaleficence. C: Beneficence - Involves acting in the patient's best interest, but in this scenario, the patient's autonomy to make decisions is the primary focus. D: Distributive justice - Concerns fair distribution of resources, which is not directly relevant to the patient's right to autonomy in decision-making.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: The Patient Self-Determination Act requires healthcare providers, including nurses, to inform clients of their right to create an advance directive. Step 2: New nurse graduates need to understand this legal requirement to comply with ethical and legal standards. Step 3: By discussing this requirement with new nurse graduates, they will be better equipped to provide information and support to clients regarding advance directives. Step 4: This step is crucial in ensuring that clients' autonomy and right to self-determination are respected. Step 5: Option A is the correct answer as it directly relates to the legal obligation of nurses in discussing advance directives with clients. Summary: Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not address the specific legal requirement outlined in the Patient Self-Determination Act for informing clients about their right to create an advance directive.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Battery. In this scenario, performing surgery without obtaining consent constitutes battery, which is the intentional touching of another person without consent. It is a violation of the client's right to autonomy and self-determination. False imprisonment (A) involves restraining someone without justification. Libel (B) is a written defamation of character, and malpractice (D) refers to professional negligence in providing healthcare services. Battery is the most appropriate charge in this situation as it directly addresses the lack of consent for the surgery.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Transformational leadership theory. This theory emphasizes the leader's ability to inspire and motivate followers to exceed their own self-interests for the good of the organization. In this scenario, the nurse's focus on improving multitasking and problem-solving aligns with the transformational leader's goal of empowering others to innovate and tackle challenges. Emotional intelligence (A) focuses on understanding and managing emotions, not specifically on multitasking or problem-solving. Motivation theory (B) addresses the factors that drive behavior but doesn't necessarily encompass multitasking and problem-solving skills. Situational leadership theory (C) emphasizes adapting leadership style to fit the situation, not specifically on improving multitasking and problem-solving abilities.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it provides positive reinforcement for a behavior that the nurse manager wants to encourage. By praising the CNA for her timely response to patients' call lights, the nurse manager is acting as a coach by recognizing and reinforcing a positive behavior. This approach is motivational and helps the CNA understand the importance of time management in a positive manner. Choice B is incorrect because it focuses on the CNA's appearance, which is not directly related to time management or coaching. Choice C is incorrect as it uses a threat of discipline rather than coaching to address the issue of vital signs being taken on time. Choice D is incorrect as it uses a negative statement without providing constructive feedback or coaching to address the issue of reporting blood sugar levels on time.