A public health nurse running a cost-free vaccination clinic for COVID-19 in an underserved community notes

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Low perceived personal risk for COVID. This choice is correct because individuals in the underserved community may not see COVID-19 as a significant threat to their health, leading to low turnout. Choice A is incorrect because it doesn't address the individuals' perception of personal risk, which is crucial. Choice B, Medicaid expansion, is unrelated to the individuals' perception of COVID risk. Choice D, lack of health insurance, may influence access but doesn't explain the low turnout specifically related to perceived risk.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Structural racism. Structural racism refers to the system in which policies, practices, and norms perpetuate racial inequalities. In the context of food deserts, structural racism leads to unequal access to healthy food options in marginalized communities, contributing to health disparities like heart disease and diabetes. Implicit bias (B) and explicit racism (C) are forms of individual prejudice, which, while harmful, do not fully explain the systemic issue of food deserts. Mass incarceration (D) is related to the criminal justice system and does not directly address the lack of access to nutritious foods in communities affected by structural racism.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Differences in health insurance coverage and access are key factors in the maternal mortality crisis. Limited access to quality healthcare due to lack of insurance can lead to delayed or inadequate prenatal care, increasing risks for maternal mortality. B: Income level may indirectly impact access to healthcare, but the lack of insurance coverage is a more direct barrier. C: Provider discrimination may contribute to disparities in care but is not as central to the issue of maternal mortality as access to insurance. D: Distrust in the medical system can be a barrier to seeking care but is not as significant as the lack of insurance coverage in the context of maternal mortality.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: With the rapid growth of technology and increased demands on the private and public health care subsystems, health care costs have become prohibitive. Cost-effectiveness and cost containment have become critical driving forces as health care delivery system changes are made; however, cost-effectiveness often conflicts with the provision of quality care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Managed care has become a dominant paradigm in health care. This model has replaced fee for service by a physician in independent practice or physicians in a group practice, and care in a community health center.