A psychiatric referral is warranted in a preschool child with the following:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, it is crucial to understand the psychological and emotional well-being of young patients as it can impact their overall health outcomes. In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Separation anxiety, warranting a psychiatric referral in a preschool child. Separation anxiety is a common developmental stage in young children, but if it persists or becomes severe, it can signal underlying emotional or psychological issues that may require professional intervention. Preschool children with cardiovascular disorders may already be dealing with stress and anxiety related to their medical condition, making it essential to address any additional psychological concerns promptly. Option A) Night terrors, while distressing for the child, are typically considered a normal part of childhood development and do not necessarily warrant a psychiatric referral unless they are severe or persistent. Option C) Being scared of ghosts is also a common childhood fear and does not necessarily indicate a need for psychiatric intervention unless it significantly impairs the child's daily functioning. Option D) Masturbation is a normal and natural behavior in young children and does not by itself warrant a psychiatric referral. It is important for healthcare providers to educate parents about age-appropriate sexual development to avoid unnecessary concerns. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing red flags in a child's behavior that may indicate the need for mental health support. By understanding the distinction between typical childhood behaviors and those that may require professional intervention, nurses can play a crucial role in advocating for the holistic well-being of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding the pathophysiology of conditions affecting hemoglobin is crucial. The correct answer, option B - β-thalassaemia major, is associated with increased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels. In β-thalassaemia major, there is a defect in the beta-globin chain synthesis, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis. To compensate, the body increases the production of fetal hemoglobin, which has a different globin chain composition. Option A - Haemoglobin H disease, is characterized by the deletion of three alpha-globin genes, leading to the formation of abnormal hemoglobin H. This condition does not result in increased fetal hemoglobin levels. Option C - Fanconi's anaemia, is a genetic disorder affecting bone marrow function, leading to aplastic anemia and various congenital anomalies. It is not associated with increased fetal hemoglobin levels. Option D - Pyruvate kinase deficiency, is an enzyme deficiency that leads to hemolytic anemia. While it can result in anemia, it does not cause increased fetal hemoglobin levels. Educationally, understanding the specific hemoglobin changes in different pediatric cardiovascular disorders helps nurses in diagnosis, monitoring, and providing appropriate care to patients. Recognizing the link between β-thalassaemia major and increased fetal hemoglobin levels is essential for managing this condition effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ITP is characterized by low platelet counts due to immune-mediated destruction. Splenomegaly is a recognized feature but the other options are incorrect. Recovery is not necessarily faster with more severe disease alloimmunisation is not a feature of ITP and not all children with platelet counts below 50 000 require hospitalization. IV immunoglobulin is not indicated in all cases.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Injury to the radial nerve typically involves impairment of abduction at the shoulder joint (Option B). This is because the radial nerve innervates the muscles responsible for shoulder abduction, such as the deltoid muscle. When the radial nerve is damaged, the ability to abduct the shoulder joint is compromised. Option A is incorrect because the abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by the median nerve, not the radial nerve. Option C is incorrect as sensory loss on the medial aspect of the forearm is associated with injury to the ulnar nerve, not the radial nerve. Option D is also incorrect as the first dorsal interosseus is innervated by the ulnar nerve, not the radial nerve. Educationally, understanding the specific clinical manifestations associated with nerve injuries is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. This knowledge helps in accurately assessing and managing complications that may arise, thereby improving patient outcomes. By differentiating between the effects of various nerve injuries, nurses can provide targeted care and interventions to promote optimal recovery and functionality for their patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding common diseases presenting with a rash in infancy is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Measles. Measles is a highly contagious viral infection characterized by a red, blotchy rash that typically starts on the face and spreads downward. It is a common childhood illness that can lead to serious complications if not properly managed. Option B) Parvovirus B 19 infection is incorrect because although it can cause a rash (known as "fifth disease"), it is less common and typically presents with a slapped-cheek appearance followed by a lacy rash on the trunk and limbs. Options C) Leukemia and D) Lymphoma are incorrect as they are types of cancers that do not typically present with a rash as a primary symptom in infancy. These conditions may present with other systemic symptoms like fatigue, fever, or unexplained weight loss. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing common pediatric diseases based on their characteristic presentations, such as rashes. It emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to have a broad knowledge base to differentiate between various conditions and provide appropriate care. Understanding these distinctions is vital in ensuring timely and accurate diagnosis, especially in pediatric patients where early intervention can significantly impact outcomes.