A psychiatric-mental health patient has an advance care directive on his medical record. A clinician provides treatment that disregards the patient’s directive. The clinician would be liable for which of the following?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Medical battery. Medical battery occurs when a healthcare provider performs a medical intervention without the patient's consent or against their wishes. In this scenario, the clinician disregarded the patient's advance care directive, which is a legal document specifying the patient's wishes for medical treatment in the event they are unable to communicate. By not following the directive, the clinician committed medical battery by performing treatment against the patient's wishes. Assault (A) involves the threat of harm, battery (B) involves physical contact without consent, and false imprisonment (D) involves restricting a person's freedom of movement without justification, none of which directly apply in this situation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Quality of practice. A psychiatric-mental health nurse focusing on patient safety, care delivery, and cost effectiveness pertains to quality of practice. Quality of practice involves ensuring high standards of care, patient safety, and efficient resource utilization. Education (A) focuses on knowledge acquisition, not specifically related to patient safety and cost-effectiveness. Resource utilization (C) is more about managing resources efficiently, not specifically addressing patient safety and care delivery. Collaboration (D) involves teamwork and communication, but it does not directly address patient safety and cost-effectiveness as quality of practice does.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Human relationships. Interpersonal theories focus on the dynamics of relationships between individuals, emphasizing communication, empathy, and social interactions. This key aspect distinguishes interpersonal theories from psychoanalytic theories, which primarily focus on unconscious drives and instincts (choices B and C). While psychoanalytic theories may touch upon relationships, they are not the central focus. Choice D, potential for goodness, is not a key aspect of interpersonal theories and does not differentiate them from psychoanalytic theories. Therefore, the student should include human relationships as the major way interpersonal theories differ from psychoanalytic theories in their class presentation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Formal operations. During adolescence, individuals develop the ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning, which aligns with Piaget's Formal Operations stage. This stage typically occurs around ages 11 to adulthood. Adolescents can analyze complex problems, think about future possibilities, and consider multiple perspectives. Now, let's review why the other choices are incorrect: A: Concrete operations - This stage, typically occurring around ages 7 to 11, involves logical thinking about concrete events and objects but not abstract thinking like that seen in adolescents. B: Preoperational - This stage, occurring around ages 2 to 7, involves symbolic thinking and egocentrism, which are not reflective of the cognitive abilities of adolescents. D: Sensorimotor - This stage, occurring from birth to around 2 years old, focuses on sensory experiences and motor actions, which are not relevant to the cognitive development of adolescents.