A principal comments to the school nurse that it seems there are a lot more problems with asthma among the students than there were before the school was remodeled and expanded a couple of years ago. The nurse decides to check on the principal's observation by reviewing all the school records to determine visits to the health office because of asthma by week and month for the past 5 years. What sort of study is the nurse doing?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Descriptive epidemiological study. In this scenario, the nurse is conducting a study to describe the frequency and distribution of asthma-related health office visits among students over the past 5 years. This type of study aims to summarize data and identify patterns without making causal inferences. It helps in understanding the health issue's prevalence and trends within the school population. Choice B: Ecological study involves analyzing data at the group level, such as comparing different populations or locations. It is not applicable in this context as the focus is on individual health office visits. Choices C and D: Prospective and retrospective cohort studies involve following individuals over time to assess the relationship between an exposure and an outcome. Since the nurse is not following individuals longitudinally in this scenario, these choices are not relevant.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: A plausible explanation of how the new MCP could cause harm is essential. This shows a logical understanding of the potential risks associated with the procedure. Step 2: Without a plausible explanation, the nurse's strong feeling (choice B) may be biased and subjective, lacking evidence-based reasoning. Step 3: Consistently seeing mouth inflammation (choice C) could be coincidental or due to other factors, not necessarily directly linked to the new MCP. Step 4: Documentation from patient records (choice D) is important but may not conclusively prove causation without a clear understanding of the mechanism by which the new MCP could cause harm.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Esteem. In the interaction, the father's behavior may affect the child's sense of self-worth and confidence, which are components of esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Esteem needs involve feeling respected, valued, and having a sense of accomplishment. Self-actualization (B) is higher in the hierarchy and pertains to fulfilling one's potential. Social needs (D) relate to belongingness and relationships, which are not directly impacted in this scenario. Choice A is incorrect as it is too general and does not specifically address the impact on the child's self-esteem.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary. Primary level of health promotion focuses on preventing the occurrence of a disease or injury before it happens. In this scenario, the nurse is educating older adult couples on fall prevention to reduce their risk, which aligns with primary prevention strategies. Secondary prevention (choice B) involves early detection and treatment of a disease to prevent complications. Tertiary prevention (choice C) aims to minimize the impact of an existing disease or injury. Primordial prevention (choice D) focuses on preventing the development of risk factors that could lead to diseases. In this case, the emphasis is on preventing falls before they occur, making it a primary level of health promotion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Health conditions. Genograms are used to depict family relationships and medical histories. Including health conditions helps identify patterns of inheritance and risk factors. Occupations (A) are not typically included unless relevant, as well as religious affiliations (B) and sources of health care (C) are not standard components of genograms.