A population-based screening of breast cancer was performed using mammography. The sensitivity of the diagnostic tool was 90%, and its specificity was 95%. As a result it can be estimated that in the examined population:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) 5% of the screening participants have a false positive result. This is because specificity measures the proportion of truly negative individuals correctly identified by the test, which in this case is 95%. Therefore, 5% of healthy individuals will receive a false positive result, as no test is perfect and some healthy individuals will be incorrectly identified as having the condition. Option B is incorrect because the question is about false positive results, not true positive results. Option C is incorrect as it states that 10% of the screening participants have a true negative result, which is not supported by the information provided. Option D is incorrect as it inaccurately suggests that 95% of the screening participants have a true positive result, which is not consistent with the sensitivity and specificity values given. From an educational perspective, understanding sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic testing is crucial in public health practice. It highlights the balance between correctly identifying individuals with a condition (sensitivity) and correctly identifying individuals without the condition (specificity). This knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals to interpret screening results accurately and make informed decisions about patient care and public health interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of the ZUS ZLA form in Poland, understanding the codes for incapacity for work is crucial for accurate medical reporting. The correct answer, option D, indicates incapacity caused by alcohol abuse. This is important as alcohol abuse can significantly impact a person's ability to work and function effectively. By correctly identifying this code, appropriate support and interventions can be provided to help the individual address their alcohol-related issues and regain their health and ability to work. Option A is incorrect because it refers to symptoms appearing after a specific period, which is not relevant to the code for incapacity due to alcohol abuse. Option B is incorrect as it discusses incapacity arising from the same disease before and after a break, which is not the focus of the ZUS ZLA form. Option C is incorrect as it pertains to incapacity during pregnancy, which is a separate category from incapacity due to alcohol abuse in the context of this form. Educationally, understanding the nuances of medical reporting forms like the ZUS ZLA is essential for healthcare professionals, administrators, and policymakers involved in public health. It ensures accurate documentation, appropriate intervention, and support for individuals with specific health conditions. By knowing the correct codes and their meanings, stakeholders can effectively navigate the healthcare system and provide optimal care to those in need.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) splits the dataset in half (with one half being below and the other one above this value). The rationale behind this is that the median is the value that exactly divides the dataset into two equal parts. By choosing the median as the middle value, we are ensuring that half of the dataset values are below it and the other half are above it. This makes it a representative measure of central tendency that is not influenced by extreme values or outliers. Option B) being the most frequent is incorrect because this describes the mode, which is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset. Option C) being statistically closest to all values in the distribution is incorrect because this describes the mean, not the median. The mean is the sum of all values divided by the total number of values, and it can be influenced by extreme values. Option D) being a measure of statistical dispersion is incorrect because the median is a measure of central tendency, not dispersion. Measures of dispersion include the range, variance, and standard deviation, which provide information about how spread out the values in a dataset are. In an educational context, understanding the concept of the median is crucial for interpreting and analyzing data in public health. By knowing that the median splits the dataset into two equal parts, students can better understand the distribution of values and make informed decisions based on the central tendency of the data. This knowledge is essential for conducting research, analyzing health outcomes, and making policy recommendations in the field of public health.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) case-control study because the study design involves comparing individuals with a specific outcome (SARS-CoV-2 infection) to those without the outcome to identify potential risk factors. In this scenario, the cases are the 50 physicians with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the controls are the 50 uninfected physicians. By comparing the two groups' personal protective measures and hygiene practices, researchers can determine which factors may have contributed to the infection. The other options are incorrect because: A) An experimental study involves manipulation of variables and random assignment, which is not present in this scenario. B) A cross-sectional study looks at a snapshot of a population at a specific point in time, rather than comparing groups with and without a specific outcome. D) A cohort study would follow a group of individuals over time to see who develops the outcome, rather than selecting participants based on their outcome status as in this study. Educationally, understanding different study designs is crucial in public health to accurately assess risk factors, inform interventions, and make evidence-based decisions. Case-control studies are particularly useful for investigating rare outcomes or diseases, making them valuable tools in public health research.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of the Act on Preventing and Combating Infections and Infectious Diseases in Humans in Poland, the correct answer is option C, which includes pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, and gonorrhea patients as individuals subject to compulsory treatment. Pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, and gonorrhea are communicable diseases that pose a significant public health risk if left untreated. Compulsory treatment aims to prevent the spread of these diseases within the population and protect public health. These diseases have been historically associated with high rates of transmission and serious health consequences if not effectively treated. Option A, which includes HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, is incorrect because these conditions are not listed in the Act as diseases requiring compulsory treatment. While HIV and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) are serious health concerns, they are not included in the specific list of diseases outlined in the Act. Option B, which mentions AIDS and COVID-19 patients, is also incorrect for similar reasons. While AIDS is a condition caused by HIV infection, it is not specifically mentioned in the Act as a disease subject to compulsory treatment. Similarly, COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is not included in the Act's list of diseases requiring compulsory treatment. Option D, which includes syphilis and COVID-19 patients, is incorrect as COVID-19 is not listed in the Act as a disease subject to compulsory treatment. While syphilis is mentioned, it is not the only disease specified, and the Act encompasses a broader range of infectious diseases that require compulsory treatment. In an educational context, understanding the specific diseases that require compulsory treatment under relevant laws and regulations is crucial for public health professionals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. This knowledge ensures compliance with legal obligations, effective disease control measures, and protection of the population from the spread of infectious diseases. It highlights the importance of targeted interventions to address specific diseases based on their public health impact and legal requirements.