A physician refuses to order pain medication for a person with a substance use disorder who was severely injured in a car accident. When the community health nurse (CHN) requests medication to be used p.r.n., the physician states that the client's suffering from the pain of his injuries will build character. What ethical theory is the physician using (or misusing)?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Virtue ethics. The physician's belief that the client's suffering will build character aligns with the virtue ethics theory, which focuses on the moral character of the individual and the development of virtues like compassion and empathy. By refusing pain medication to teach a lesson, the physician is prioritizing character development over the client's well-being, which is a key aspect of virtue ethics. Summary: A: Consequentialism focuses on the outcomes of actions, not the character of the individual. B: Communitarianism emphasizes the importance of community values, not individual character development. D: Utilitarianism prioritizes maximizing overall happiness or well-being, not individual character building over pain relief.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Informant interviews with local community members. This method is best because it directly involves the individuals within the community who have firsthand knowledge and experience regarding immigrant access to regional health care. They can provide valuable insights and perspectives that may not be captured through other methods. A: Interviews with employees of the local health board may provide some insights, but they may not have the same level of direct experience and perspective as community members. C: Interview with a legislator or local politician may offer a broader policy perspective, but may not capture the specific experiences of community members. D: Interview with a public health official may provide valuable information, but may not offer the same depth of insights as direct interactions with community members.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Poverty. Poverty is a primary cause of vulnerability because it limits access to resources essential for well-being, such as healthcare, education, and housing. It can lead to food insecurity, inadequate living conditions, and lack of social support. This makes individuals more susceptible to various risks and challenges. Explanation for other choices: A: Breakdown of family structures - While family breakdown can contribute to vulnerability, it is not as universally prevalent or directly impactful as poverty in causing vulnerability. C: Prejudice - Prejudice can certainly exacerbate vulnerability by creating social barriers, but it is not the primary cause of vulnerability. D: Social isolation - Social isolation can increase vulnerability, but it is often a consequence of underlying factors such as poverty rather than the primary cause.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Measuring the goal effect. In this scenario, the CHN is comparing the number of new teen clients seeking contraceptive counseling before and after the education intervention program. This step involves evaluating the impact or effect of the program on the intended goal, which is to decrease teen pregnancy rates. By comparing the data before and after the intervention, the CHN can assess whether the program has been effective in achieving its goal. Incorrect choices: A: Determining outcome goal measurement - This step involves establishing specific, measurable outcomes before implementing the program. It is done prior to the intervention. B: Goal setting - This step involves setting specific, achievable goals at the beginning of the program. It is not the same as measuring the impact of the program. D: Evaluating the program - While evaluating the program is part of the overall evaluation process, in this scenario, the focus is specifically on measuring the effect of the program on the goal of decreasing teen pregnancy rates.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Questioning sexual orientation and history of depression are significant risk factors for suicide in adolescents. This indicates internal struggles and emotional distress. Choice A is incorrect as age alone is not a direct indicator of suicide risk. Choice C, threatening harm to peers, is concerning but does not directly relate to self-harm. Choice D, a history of torturing animals, is a sign of conduct disorder but not always indicative of suicidal ideation. In summary, questioning sexual orientation and history of depression are strong indicators of potential suicide risk in adolescents.