A physician refuses to order pain medication for a person with a substance use disorder who was severely injured in a car accident. When the community health nurse (CHN) requests medication to be used p.r.n., the physician states that the client's suffering from the pain of his injuries will build character. What ethical theory is the physician using (or misusing)?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Virtue ethics. The physician's belief that the client's suffering will build character aligns with the virtue ethics theory, which focuses on the moral character of the individual and the development of virtues like compassion and empathy. By refusing pain medication to teach a lesson, the physician is prioritizing character development over the client's well-being, which is a key aspect of virtue ethics. Summary: A: Consequentialism focuses on the outcomes of actions, not the character of the individual. B: Communitarianism emphasizes the importance of community values, not individual character development. D: Utilitarianism prioritizes maximizing overall happiness or well-being, not individual character building over pain relief.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ethnocentrism. This statement demonstrates ethnocentrism, which is the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own cultural group. The health care provider is asserting that Western medicine is the best without considering or respecting the diversity of practices and beliefs in other cultures. This attitude can lead to biased and ineffective care for clients from different cultural backgrounds. Summary: B: Prejudice - Prejudice involves preconceived opinions that are not necessarily based on reason or actual experience. The statement does not show prejudice towards a specific group. C: Racism - Racism involves discrimination based on race or ethnicity. The statement does not show discrimination based on race. D: Stereotyping - Stereotyping involves generalizing characteristics to a whole group. The statement does not involve generalizing characteristics, but rather asserting the superiority of one's own culture.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary prevention. This action falls under primary prevention because it aims to prevent the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in Indigenous peoples by promoting healthy eating habits through culturally sensitive foods. By incorporating familiar and healthy dishes into the nutrition class, the community health nurse is focusing on preventing the development of the disease before it occurs. This approach addresses the underlying risk factors for diabetes, such as poor diet, in a proactive manner. Summary of other choices: B: Secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment of a disease to prevent complications. This action does not focus on early detection but rather on prevention. C: Tertiary prevention focuses on managing complications and improving quality of life for those already diagnosed with a disease. This action is aimed at preventing diabetes rather than managing its complications. D: This action is primarily focused on preventing the occurrence of type 2 diabetes before it develops, making it more aligned with primary prevention than secondary prevention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The web of causality. This model best explains the complex interactions among agent, host, and environmental factors contributing to the increased disease risk in homeless individuals. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and multifactorial nature of health outcomes. Rationale: 1. The web of causality considers the interplay of various factors, such as social determinants of health, living conditions, access to healthcare, and individual behaviors, which collectively influence health outcomes in homeless populations. 2. This model recognizes the dynamic and non-linear relationships between different factors, illustrating how a combination of biological, social, and environmental elements can contribute to disease vulnerability. 3. In contrast, the epidemiological triangle primarily focuses on the relationship between the agent, host, and environment in causing specific diseases, overlooking the broader systemic factors affecting homeless individuals' health. 4. The levels of prevention framework and the Health Promotion Model are more focused on intervention strategies and individual behavior change, rather than capturing the complexity and interconnected

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Positive predictive value (PPV) is the proportion of individuals with a positive test result who actually have the disease. This is crucial in determining the likelihood that a positive test accurately identifies a true positive case. By calculating PPV, we can assess the test's ability to predict the presence of the disease. In this context, the CHN (clinical history and physical examination) can help improve the accuracy of test results by enhancing the predictive value. Choice A is incorrect because it describes the negative predictive value, which is the proportion of individuals with a negative test result who are actually disease-free. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the variability of the trait being measured, not predictive value. Choice C is incorrect as it discusses inconsistencies in the testing instrument, which are unrelated to predictive value.