A patient with pneumonia has a nursing diagnosis of ineffective airway clearance related to pain, fatigue, and thick secretions. What is an expected outcome for this patient?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D: "Patient takes three or four shallow breaths before coughing to minimize pain." This outcome is appropriate because it demonstrates an effective airway clearance technique for a patient with pneumonia. By taking shallow breaths before coughing, the patient can mobilize and expectorate thick secretions without causing excessive pain or discomfort. Option A, "SpO is 90%," is incorrect because it focuses on oxygen saturation levels, which are important but not directly related to the nursing diagnosis of ineffective airway clearance. Option B, "Lungs clear to auscultation," is incorrect as it only assesses lung sounds and does not address the specific issue of airway clearance. Option C, "Patient tolerates walking in hallway," is also incorrect as it is more related to activity tolerance rather than airway clearance. Educationally, understanding the importance of effective airway clearance in patients with pneumonia is crucial for nurses. Teaching patients techniques to clear their airways, such as controlled coughing as described in option D, can help prevent complications like atelectasis and pneumonia exacerbation. Nurses should prioritize interventions that promote optimal airway clearance to enhance patient outcomes and comfort during respiratory illnesses.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: C is correct as maintaining a nonjudgmental attitude is crucial to establish trust and rapport with the client. It helps the client feel comfortable sharing information, leading to better assessment and care. A is incorrect as quitting smoking may not be the immediate priority. B is incorrect as honesty about marijuana use is not the primary concern. D is incorrect as it does not address the importance of establishing a therapeutic relationship.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air is around 0.3 mm Hg as it is very low in atmospheric air. During expiration, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases to around 40 mm Hg due to its exchange in the lungs. This makes option A the correct answer. Option B is incorrect because the partial pressure of CO2 in expired air is not 32 mm Hg. Option C is incorrect as 40 mm Hg is the partial pressure in expired air, not inspired air. Option D is incorrect because 0.3 mm Hg is the partial pressure in inspired air, not expired air.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Embden Meyerhof pathway. In this pathway, 2,3 DPG is synthesized from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde through a series of enzymatic reactions involving intermediates like 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This process occurs in the glycolysis pathway, specifically in the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. The other choices, B: Krebs Hensleit cycle, C: Hexose monophosphate shunt, and D: Cori cycle, are not involved in the direct synthesis of 2,3 DPG from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. Krebs Hensleit cycle is the citric acid cycle, Hexose monophosphate shunt is the pentose phosphate pathway, and Cori cycle is the process of lactate recycling in the liver.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increasing O2 concentration. When O2 concentration increases, it promotes the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in the blood through the process of oxygenation. This results in the formation of oxyhemoglobin, which enhances oxygen transport in the blood. Summary: - A: Decreasing O2 concentration would hinder the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport efficiency. - C: Increasing CO2 concentration would lead to the formation of carbaminohemoglobin, not oxyhemoglobin. - D: Decreasing CO2 concentration would not directly promote the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.