A patient with negative troponins and stress test results reports recurring chest pain that is similar to their pain on admission. According to the American Nurses Association’s Cardiovascular Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, the cardiac-vascular nurse’s next action is to:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Recurring chest pain despite negative tests warrants a 12-lead ECG to assess for ischemia or arrhythmia, per nursing standards for objective evaluation. A is premature, B treats without diagnosis, and D delays assessment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The pulmonary semilunar valve is on the right side of the heart, controlling blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. The tricuspid valve, also on the right side, regulates flow between the right atrium and right ventricle. The mitral (bicuspid) and aortic valves are on the left side.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In late diastole, the atria and ventricles are relaxed, AV valves are open, and ventricles fill with blood from the atria. The aortic valve, however, is closed during diastole to prevent backflow from the aorta into the ventricle.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The tunica adventitia, the outermost layer of blood vessels, is primarily connective tissue (including collagen and some elastic fibers) anchoring the vessel to surrounding structures. Epithelium is not present here.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The mitral valve lies between the left atrium and ventricle and thus prevents ventricular backflow to the atrium. The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and ventricle. The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta. (Source: Document, Pretest Answer 4, p. 76)