A patient with minimal change disease is least likely to have:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Minimal change disease (MCD) causes nephrotic syndrome: hypoproteinemia, edema, albuminuria, and hyperlipidemia but hypertension is less common (more in glomerulonephritis). This distinguishes MCD's presentation, key for differential diagnosis, contrasting with hypertensive nephropathies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Macula densa cells (DCT) have darker nuclei, cilia, and cuboidal shape for sensing not loss of basement membrane (structural integrity). This distinguishes macula densa's role, key for tubuloglomerular feedback, contrasting with structural loss.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Right kidney's anterior surface contacts the liver (bare area) without peritoneum not pancreas, spleen, stomach, or colon (peritonealized). This distinguishes renal relations, key for surgical anatomy, contrasting with peritoneal structures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Non-contrast CT (NCCT) is the gold standard for urolithiasis detects size, location, density (e.g., Hounsfield units) with high sensitivity, guiding management. MRI excels in soft tissue, not stones poor specificity. Digital tomosynthesis is experimental, less detailed limited use. Micro CT is lab-based, not clinical impractical. NCCT's diagnostic precision distinguishes it, critical for rapid, accurate stone assessment, unlike tissue, emerging, or research tools.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Brown semen (hematospermia) in spinal cord injury reflects blood from neurogenic dysfunction or catheterization common association. Infection typically causes pus/yellow, not brown different etiology. Medications (e.g., rifampin) alter urine, not semen color unrelated. Sexual activity may cause transient blood, but not specific less likely. Spinal injury's link distinguishes it, key to neurogenic hematospermia, unlike infection, drug, or activity causes.