A patient with a long history of hypertension and diabetes now develops confusion. The health care provider wants to make a differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease and multiple infarcts. Which diagnostic procedure should the nurse expect to prepare the patient for first?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct diagnostic procedure that the nurse should expect to prepare the patient for first is a Computed Tomography (CT) scan (Option B). A CT scan is the most appropriate initial imaging study for differentiating between Alzheimer's disease and multiple infarcts due to its ability to provide detailed cross-sectional images of the brain, allowing for the visualization of any structural abnormalities such as infarcts or brain atrophy associated with Alzheimer's disease. Skull x-rays (Option A) are not commonly used for diagnosing intracranial conditions due to their limited ability to provide detailed information about brain structures. Positron-emission tomography (PET) (Option C) and Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (Option D) are functional imaging modalities that can assess brain function and blood flow but are typically used after structural abnormalities have been identified to further characterize the nature of the condition. Educationally, it is important for nurses to understand the rationale behind selecting specific diagnostic procedures to ensure appropriate and timely patient care. By knowing the strengths and limitations of each imaging modality, nurses can advocate for the most effective diagnostic approach, leading to accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning for patients exhibiting cognitive changes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Imipramine (Tofranil) because it is a tricyclic antidepressant that commonly exhibits anticholinergic side effects due to its pharmacological properties. Tricyclic antidepressants like imipramine have strong anticholinergic effects, leading to symptoms such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and cognitive impairment. Option A) Lithium (Lithobid) is a mood stabilizer commonly used in bipolar disorder. While lithium can have side effects like tremors and thyroid issues, it does not typically cause anticholinergic effects. Option B) Buspirone (BuSpar) is an anxiolytic medication that does not have anticholinergic properties. It primarily works on serotonin receptors and does not lead to anticholinergic side effects. Option D) Risperidone (Risperdal) is an atypical antipsychotic that does not exert significant anticholinergic effects. Its side effect profile is more commonly associated with metabolic issues like weight gain and sedation. Educationally, understanding the side effect profiles of psychotropic medications is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective care to patients. Recognizing the potential side effects allows nurses to monitor patients effectively, intervene promptly, and educate patients about what to expect. This knowledge also helps in assessing the overall impact of the medication on the patient's well-being and quality of life.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the nurse should be most alert for problems associated with fluid and electrolyte imbalance in the patient receiving lithium (option A). Lithium is known to cause disturbances in electrolyte levels, particularly sodium levels, which can lead to serious complications if not monitored closely. Clozapine (option B) is associated with a risk of agranulocytosis and myocarditis, not fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Fluoxetine (option C) and venlafaxine (option D) are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), respectively, which are not typically linked to significant fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Understanding the side effects and monitoring requirements of psychotropic medications is crucial for nurses caring for patients with mental health conditions. Recognizing the specific risks associated with each medication helps ensure patient safety and wellbeing. Regular monitoring of electrolyte levels, especially in patients on lithium therapy, is essential to prevent adverse effects and provide optimal care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer to the question is D) All of the above. A long-term user of cocaine is at a high risk of developing symptoms of other psychological disorders such as major depression, social phobia, and eating disorders. Cocaine use can lead to alterations in brain chemistry, particularly affecting the levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, which play a key role in regulating mood, anxiety, and appetite. Prolonged use of cocaine can disrupt the delicate balance of these neurotransmitters, resulting in a range of psychological issues. Major depression is commonly associated with chronic cocaine use due to the impact on the brain's reward system and the development of tolerance and dependence. Social phobia may arise as a result of the social isolation and withdrawal that often accompany substance abuse. Additionally, the stimulant effects of cocaine can suppress appetite, leading to malnutrition and potentially triggering eating disorders. It is crucial for healthcare providers, particularly those working in mental health and addiction treatment settings, to be aware of these potential comorbidities in individuals with a history of cocaine use. Understanding the interconnectedness of substance abuse and mental health disorders is essential for providing comprehensive and effective care to patients struggling with these complex issues. By selecting option D as the correct answer, individuals taking the Psychotropic Medication Quiz demonstrate an understanding of the diverse psychological consequences that can arise from long-term cocaine use, highlighting the importance of integrated approaches to treatment and recovery in addressing both substance use disorders and co-occurring mental health conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) All of the above. Drug-prevention schemes targeting young people and their parents who may be specifically at risk should encompass a comprehensive approach to address the multifaceted aspects of substance abuse prevention. 24-hour telephone helplines (option A) provide immediate support and guidance to individuals in crisis or seeking information about drug use. They offer a confidential and accessible resource for those in need of assistance. Internet websites (option B) serve as valuable platforms for disseminating information, resources, and educational materials related to drug prevention. They can reach a wide audience, including young people and parents, providing them with evidence-based information and support. Treatment and availability (option C) are crucial components of drug-prevention schemes. Ensuring that treatment services are readily accessible and tailored to the needs of at-risk individuals and their families is essential for early intervention and support. Option D is the correct answer because all of the above options are integral parts of a comprehensive drug prevention strategy. It is important for educators and healthcare professionals to emphasize the importance of utilizing multiple avenues to reach and support individuals at risk of substance abuse. By providing a range of resources such as helplines, websites, and treatment options, we can effectively engage with young people and parents to prevent drug misuse and promote overall well-being.