A patient with a history of HF presents to the emergency department with difficulty breathing, cough, and edema of the lower extremities. The nurse anticipates administration of which type of medication?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the scenario described, the patient with a history of heart failure (HF) is presenting with symptoms of difficulty breathing, cough, and edema of the lower extremities. These signs and symptoms suggest acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), which is characterized by a decrease in cardiac output and inadequate tissue perfusion. In this situation, the nurse would anticipate the administration of a positive inotrope medication.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most common side effect that is normal with the initial therapy of Nitroglycerine due to increased vasodilation is a headache. Nitroglycerine causes vasodilation of blood vessels, including the blood vessels in the head and brain. This can lead to headaches as a result of the increased blood flow and changes in blood vessel diameter. Headaches caused by Nitroglycerine are usually mild and transient. It is important to monitor patients for this expected side effect and educate them about it to ensure compliance with the medication regimen.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Metformin belongs to the class of medications known as biguanides. Biguanides work by decreasing glucose production in the liver and also improving insulin sensitivity in the muscles, helping to lower blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, metformin can also reduce glucose absorption in the intestines and increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Its main pharmacological action is to improve glycemic control and reduce hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Monitoring patients taking diuretics is crucial to assess for therapeutic effectiveness and potential adverse effects. Daily weight monitoring is essential because diuretics promote fluid loss, which can result in changes in weight and fluid status. Monitoring weight helps to evaluate the response to diuretic therapy and detect signs of dehydration or fluid overload. Intake and output monitoring is necessary to assess renal function and electrolyte balance, as diuretics can affect fluid and electrolyte levels. Tracking the amount and location of edema is important for evaluating the effectiveness of diuretics in reducing fluid retention. Appetite monitoring, however, is not directly related to diuretic therapy. While changes in appetite may occur as a side effect of some medications, it is not a primary parameter to monitor when assessing the effects of diuretics. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind monitoring parameters for patients taking diuretics is essential for nursing students and healthcare professionals to ensure safe and effective patient care. By grasping the importance of specific monitoring parameters, students can develop critical thinking skills and apply evidence-based practices in clinical settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Metformin belongs to the class of medications known as biguanides. Biguanides work primarily by decreasing glucose production in the liver and increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, such as muscles. They also help improve glucose uptake and utilization by cells, leading to better control of blood sugar levels. Metformin is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and can also be used in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).