A patient who has been taking antihypertensive drugs for a few months complains of having a persistent dry cough. The nurse knows that this cough is an adverse effect of which class of antihypertensive drugs?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A persistent dry cough is a well-known adverse effect associated with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby causing vasodilation and reducing blood pressure. However, they can also inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin, leading to the accumulation of bradykinin in the lungs. This accumulation can irritate the airways, resulting in a dry, persistent cough in some patients. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of this side effect, as it can significantly impact a patient's quality of life and may require alternative antihypertensive medication.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The unlabeled use for a medication refers to a use that is not approved by regulatory agencies but has shown effectiveness in clinical practice. In this case, the unlabeled use for a medication might be to treat PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). While the medication may not be specifically indicated for this condition, it may have shown benefits in managing the symptoms of PTSD based on clinical experience or research studies. It is important to note that using a medication for an unlabeled use should always be done under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pentamidine (Pentam) is a medication used for the treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS. A known side effect of pentamidine therapy is ocular toxicity, including retinal damage. The nurse must closely monitor the client for signs and symptoms of retinal toxicity, such as changes in vision, eye pain, or sensitivity to light. Regular ophthalmologic evaluations may also be necessary to detect any ocular complications early and prevent permanent damage. Hence, observing for signs of retinal damage is crucial while the client is on pentamidine infusion therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Patients with peptic ulcers should stop taking NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) because NSAIDs can worsen the condition and increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcer perforation. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which normally helps protect the stomach lining. Therefore, patients with peptic ulcers should avoid NSAIDs and consult their healthcare provider for alternative pain management options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic medication commonly used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema (fluid retention). It works by increasing the amount of water and salt that the kidneys remove from the blood, leading to decreased blood volume and lower blood pressure. Diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are not used to treat inflammation, arrhythmias, or fungal infections, making option C the correct classification for this medication.