A patient tells the nurse that he likes to eat large amounts of garlic “to help lower his cholesterol levels naturally.” The nurse reviews his medication history and notes that which drug has a potential interaction with the garlic?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: warfarin (Coumadin). Garlic can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin due to its anticoagulant properties. Garlic can enhance the effects of warfarin, leading to potentially dangerous bleeding episodes. Acetaminophen (A), digoxin (C), and phenytoin (D) do not have documented interactions with garlic that would pose a significant risk compared to warfarin. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer based on the potential for a clinically significant drug interaction.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacodynamics specifically focuses on how drugs interact with the body to produce their effects, including mechanisms of drug action and biological/therapeutic effects. Absorption and distribution of drugs fall under pharmacokinetics, not pharmacodynamics. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. Absorption and distribution are crucial in determining drug concentrations at the site of action, but they do not directly relate to the study of how drugs exert their effects on the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are all aspects that are studied within pharmacodynamics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lidocaine. Lidocaine is a toluidine derivative due to its chemical structure containing a toluidine group. The toluidine derivative refers to the presence of a methyl group on the amino nitrogen atom, as seen in Lidocaine. Bupivacaine (B) is an amino amide local anesthetic, not a toluidine derivative. Prilocaine (C) is an amino amide local anesthetic like Bupivacaine. Procaine (D) is an ester local anesthetic, not a toluidine derivative. Hence, the correct choice is A (Lidocaine) as it meets the criteria of being a toluidine derivative.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A is correct because lobeline is a plant derivative found in Lobelia plants, acting as a cholinomimetic with lower potency than nicotine but similar action spectrum. Nicotine is a potent cholinomimetic derived from tobacco. Pilocarpine is a cholinomimetic derived from the Pilocarpus shrub with different actions. Carbachol is a synthetic cholinomimetic with different properties. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, not a plant-derived cholinomimetic.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bronchial asthma. Antimuscarinic drugs can worsen bronchial asthma due to their potential to cause bronchoconstriction. Glaucoma (A), myasthenia (B), and paralytic ileus/urinary bladder atony (D) are contraindications for antimuscarinic drugs due to their exacerbation of symptoms in these conditions. Glaucoma can worsen due to increased intraocular pressure, myasthenia can lead to muscle weakness, and antimuscarinic drugs can further inhibit bowel and bladder function in paralytic ileus and urinary bladder atony.