A patient reports frequent sleep disturbances. Which interventions could be considered to help improve the patient’s sleep pattern? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A (Melatonin) Rationale: 1. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycle. 2. Supplementing melatonin can help improve sleep quality and reduce sleep disturbances. 3. It is commonly used to treat insomnia and jet lag. Summary: B: Chamomile - While chamomile tea may promote relaxation, it is not as effective as melatonin for treating sleep disturbances. C: Vitamin C - Vitamin C does not have direct effects on sleep patterns. D: Valerian - Valerian is a herbal remedy for sleep, but melatonin is more specific and effective for regulating sleep-wake cycles.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Emotion and learning. The limbic system is a complex network of structures in the brain responsible for regulating emotions and memory formation, which are crucial for learning. The amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus are key components of the limbic system involved in processing emotions and forming memories. Executive function (choice A) is primarily associated with the prefrontal cortex, not the limbic system. Intelligence and movement (choice C) are controlled by different brain regions such as the frontal lobe and motor cortex, not the limbic system. Expressive speech (choice D) is predominantly linked to areas in the left hemisphere of the brain, such as Broca's area, not the limbic system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Informed consent. When obtaining consent from the guardian of a patient with limited cognitive capabilities, it is essential to uphold the ethical principle of informed consent. This involves ensuring that the guardian understands the treatment options, risks, benefits, and alternatives before making a decision on behalf of the patient. It respects the autonomy and rights of the patient even when they are unable to make decisions themselves. Compliance (B) refers to following rules and regulations, not specific to consent. Off-label prescribing (C) relates to using medications for unapproved purposes. Confidentiality (D) pertains to protecting patient information, but it is not directly related to obtaining consent in this context.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amygdala. The amygdala is the key brain structure responsible for processing emotions, including fear. It plays a crucial role in the fear response by interpreting and reacting to potential threats. The striatum (A) is involved in reward and movement. The limbic system (C) includes the amygdala but is a broader network of brain structures related to emotions and memory. The basal ganglia (D) is primarily responsible for motor control and procedural learning. Thus, the amygdala specifically processes fear, making it the correct choice in this context.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: profession. Psychotropic drug metabolism can be influenced by age, caffeine intake, and smoking due to their effects on liver enzymes. Age can alter enzyme activity, caffeine can induce certain enzymes, and smoking can affect drug metabolism through enzyme induction. However, profession does not directly impact drug metabolism through physiological mechanisms, making it the exception among the choices provided.