A patient presents with well-demarcated, hypopigmented macules with fine scaling, affecting the trunk and proximal extremities. The patient reports a history of sun exposure and outdoor activities. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presentation described in the question is characteristic of tinea versicolor, a fungal skin infection caused by Malassezia furfur. The hypopigmented macules with fine scaling are often seen on the trunk and proximal extremities, particularly in areas that are more prone to sebum production. Patients with tinea versicolor may have a history of sun exposure and outdoor activities as the organism responsible for the infection thrives in warm, humid environments. Treatment typically involves the use of topical antifungal agents such as ketoconazole or selenium sulfide.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: If the nurse notices that the patient's arms are not adequately padded while positioning for surgery, the nurse should immediately take action to prevent pressure injuries. Applying soft padding to the patient's arms will help distribute the pressure more evenly, reducing the risk of skin breakdown and potential harm to the patient during the surgical procedure. It is essential to prioritize the patient's safety and comfort in such situations. Simply proceeding with the positioning as planned could lead to complications, so addressing the inadequate padding promptly is the appropriate course of action.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When the nurse collects data at one point in time, it is referred to as a cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional studies are observational research designs that provide a snapshot of a population or a sample at a specific point in time. This type of study can help identify associations or relationships between variables at a single time point but cannot establish causality or determine changes over time. In contrast, time series involve collecting data over multiple time points, longitudinal studies follow individuals or samples over time to track changes or outcomes, and crossover studies involve multiple interventions or treatments over different periods.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Globulin is the blood protein involved in the immune system. There are different types of globulins, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) that play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections. These antibodies bind to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses, helping the immune system to recognize and destroy them. Thrombin is a clotting protein, albumin is a protein responsible for maintaining osmotic balance in the blood, and hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The right being violated in this scenario is the right to obtain from his physician complete current information concerning his diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Patients have the right to be fully informed about their health status and to understand the details of their condition, treatment options, and likely outcomes. Withholding this information can prevent the patient from participating in their own care decisions and can violate their autonomy and right to make informed choices about their health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nursing mothers should not wash their nipples with soap and water prior to feeding. Using soap can dry out the skin and potentially lead to irritation or cracking of the nipple, which can increase the risk of mastitis. It is recommended to simply clean the nipples with water, if necessary.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The presentation described with a sensation of fullness and pressure in the left ear, along with hearing loss and occasional tinnitus, and the findings of a retracted tympanic membrane with decreased mobility on pneumatic otoscopy are most consistent with serous otitis media, also known as otitis media with effusion (OME). OME is characterized by the presence of non-infected fluid in the middle ear space, leading to symptoms such as ear fullness, hearing loss, and occasionally tinnitus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition that can occur during pregnancy, usually after 20 weeks gestation. It is important to screen for pre-eclampsia early in the pregnancy to monitor and manage the condition effectively. Screening for pre-eclampsia typically begins in the first trimester of pregnancy to identify any risk factors and provide appropriate care for the patient. Therefore, Nurse Vera informing the patient to get screened for pre-eclampsia in the first term of pregnancy is the most appropriate time to start monitoring for this condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness. Individuals with ADHD may have difficulty paying attention, completing tasks, sitting still, or controlling their impulses. Mental retardation (now referred to as intellectual disability) is a separate condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. While individuals with ADHD may experience difficulties in school or work due to their symptoms, ADHD itself does not indicate mental retardation.