Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presentation of sudden-onset, painless vision loss in the right eye with a cherry-red spot at the macula and attenuated retinal vessels is classic for central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). In this condition, the blockage of the central retinal artery results in severe ischemia of the retina, leading to rapid and profound vision loss. The cherry-red spot at the macula is a result of preserved choroidal circulation contrasting with the pale, ischemic retina. Attenuated retinal vessels are also commonly observed due to decreased blood flow. Prompt evaluation and management are critical in CRAO to potentially restore some vision and prevent further ischemic damage to the retina.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ramona Mercer's becoming a mother (BAM) theory emphasizes the dynamic transformation and evolution of a woman's persona as she transitions into motherhood. This theory acknowledges that becoming a mother is a process involving significant changes in a woman's identity, roles, and relationships. It goes beyond just the physical aspects of giving birth and delves into the psychological, emotional, and social aspects of motherhood. Therefore, statement B aligns with the core principles of Mercer's BAM theory and fosters the understanding of the process of becoming a mother.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The most common symptom of scabies that the family would report to Nurse Emma is itchiness. Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, which burrows into the skin and lays eggs, leading to intense itching, especially at night. The itching is a result of the body's allergic reaction to the mites and their waste products. While rashes, scaling, and swelling can also occur with scabies, the hallmark and most bothersome symptom experienced by individuals with scabies is the intense itchiness, making it the most common symptom reported by affected individuals or their families during the history-taking process.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Goiter is a condition characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The most common cause of goiter worldwide is iodine deficiency, which is required for the production of thyroid hormones. When there is insufficient iodine intake, the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to produce more hormones, leading to the development of goiter. While other factors can also contribute to the development of goiter, such as autoimmune diseases and certain medications, the primary cause associated with the condition is an iodine-deficient diet.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In a longitudinal study design, the nurse researcher collects data at multiple points over an extended period of time. This design allows for the examination of changes or trends over time within the same group of participants. It helps in understanding the long-term effects and relationships between variables by tracking the same individuals over a prolonged duration. This design is particularly useful in studying developmental patterns, chronic diseases, or long-term treatment outcomes.