A patient presents with chest pain at rest, unrelated to exertion, and not relieved by nitroglycerin. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows ST-segment depression. Which cardiovascular disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Unstable angina is characterized by chest pain at rest, which is not relieved by nitroglycerin. The ECG findings in unstable angina typically show ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion. It is considered a medical emergency as it can progress to a myocardial infarction. Stable angina, on the other hand, is chest pain or discomfort that occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest or medications like nitroglycerin. Acute myocardial infarction would typically present with ST-segment elevation on ECG, while Prinzmetal's angina is characterized by transient ST-segment elevation due to coronary artery vasospasm.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The effects of AIDS on pregnancy do not generally include repeated abortion as a direct consequence. AIDS can impact pregnancy by increasing the risk of complications such as premature birth, low birth weight, and potential transmission of the virus from mother to child. Infertility can also be a concern, but repeated abortion is not a common effect of AIDS on pregnancy. It is important to provide accurate information about the effects of AIDS on pregnancy to ensure proper understanding and support for individuals affected by this condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's demands. Monitoring the patient's cardiac index, which is a measure of cardiac output adjusted for body surface area, can help detect the risk of developing cardiogenic shock. A decrease in cardiac index would indicate a decrease in the heart's ability to effectively pump blood, putting the patient at risk for cardiogenic shock. Monitoring cardiac index is essential in assessing cardiac function and guiding interventions to prevent the progression to cardiogenic shock. The other factors listed may provide important information in assessing the patient's condition, but specifically in detecting the risk of developing cardiogenic shock, monitoring the cardiac index is crucial.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The nurse should prioritize adjusting the irrigation flow rate based on the patient's urine output to prevent complications during continuous bladder irrigation (CBI). Proper adjustment of the irrigation flow rate helps maintain adequate bladder drainage while preventing bladder distention, clot formation, and potential irrigation fluid overload. Monitoring the patient's urine output and adjusting the flow rate accordingly ensures optimal functioning of the CBI system and enhances patient safety. This proactive approach minimizes the risk of complications and promotes effective postoperative care following urological surgery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: At the concrete operational stage according to Piaget's theory, children typically demonstrate logical thinking abilities and are able to understand and work with concrete objects and events. They can also grasp concepts such as conservation and classification. These children are able to think logically about concrete events but may still struggle with abstract and hypothetical situations. Therefore, Belle, functioning at the concrete operational stage, would exhibit behaviors such as thinking logically and being able to see possibilities, as described in option A.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The most appropriate intervention for managing hepatic encephalopathy in this patient receiving palliative care for end-stage liver disease is to administer lactulose or other ammonia-lowering agents to reduce ammonia levels. Hepatic encephalopathy is believed to be primarily caused by the accumulation of ammonia in the bloodstream due to compromised liver function. Lactulose works by acidifying the gut lumen, which facilitates the excretion of ammonia in the form of ammonium ions. By reducing ammonia levels, hepatic encephalopathy symptoms, such as confusion and altered mental status, can be improved. Initiating other supportive measures like managing precipitating factors, maintaining hydration, and addressing nutritional issues should also be part of the holistic approach in managing hepatic encephalopathy in palliative care. However, addressing the underlying cause by reducing ammonia levels with lactulose is the priority intervention in this scenario.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Incident reports (IR) are filed in the Records Section of the hospital. It is important for incident reports to be kept in the Records Section for various reasons. By being filed in the hospital's official records, incident reports are included in the hospital's documentation of events, which is crucial for legal and quality improvement purposes. Placing IRs in the Records Section ensures that they are accessible to relevant personnel who may need to refer to them in the future for investigations, audits, or further actions related to the incidents. Keeping incident reports in a centralized location like the Records Section also helps in standardizing the process of documenting and tracking incidents, maintaining consistency and accountability within the healthcare facility.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by multiple, hyperpigmented, velvety plaques typically seen in flexural areas such as the axillae, neck, and groin. These lesions are often associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The appearance of acanthosis nigricans is distinct from other skin conditions such as seborrheic keratosis, dermatofibroma, and epidermal nevus. Acanthosis nigricans is commonly seen in conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome due to the insulin resistance that leads to the overgrowth of keratinocytes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The extraneous variable in a study is a variable that is not the main focus of the study but could potentially impact the results. In this case, the length of stay is an extraneous variable because it is not directly related to the research question or objective of the study. The study is likely focused on factors such as patient age, complications, or date of admission, making the length of stay an irrelevant variable in this context.