A patient presents with an anaphylactic reaction following a bee sting. Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating the multiple cardiovascular and pulmonary problems that, if not promptly corrected, could lead to the patient’s death?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating anaphylactic reactions due to its ability to rapidly reverse the cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms. It acts by constricting blood vessels, increasing heart rate, and opening up the airways, which helps counteract the potentially life-threatening effects of anaphylaxis. Atropine (A) is used for bradycardia, Diphenhydramine (B) for mild allergic reactions, and Isoproterenol (D) for bradycardia or heart block. Epinephrine is the most appropriate choice in this scenario due to its immediate and broad-spectrum effects in managing anaphylactic reactions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Inhalation. Ipratropium is a bronchodilator used to treat conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhalation allows direct delivery to the lungs, where it acts locally to relax the smooth muscle and dilate the airways, providing rapid relief of bronchospasm. Oral route (A) would result in poor absorption and systemic side effects. Intravenous (B) and subcutaneous (C) injections are not preferred due to the risk of systemic effects and lack of targeted action. Thus, inhalation is the most effective and appropriate route for ipratropium administration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Propranolol is the correct answer for migraine prophylaxis due to its beta-blocking properties, reducing sympathetic nervous system activity. This helps prevent migraine attacks. Noradrenaline and amphetamine increase sympathetic activity, exacerbating migraines. Ergotamine is used for acute migraine attacks, not prophylaxis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Edrophonium, because it is not a parasympatholytic drug but rather a parasympathomimetic drug used for diagnosing myasthenia gravis. Atropine (A), Propantheline (B), and Pirenzepine (C) are all parasympatholytic drugs that inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system by blocking acetylcholine receptors. Atropine is a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, Propantheline is an antimuscarinic drug used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, and Pirenzepine is a selective M1 receptor antagonist used to reduce gastric acid secretion. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it does not belong to the category of parasympatholytic drugs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Haloperidol. Haloperidol is a dopamine receptor antagonist, which means it blocks dopamine receptors. Dopamine induces renal vasodilation by acting on dopamine receptors in the kidneys. Therefore, blocking these receptors with haloperidol would antagonize the renal vasodilation effect of dopamine. A: Propranolol is a beta-blocker that acts on beta receptors, not dopamine receptors. B: Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist and does not affect dopamine receptors. C: Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist and does not target dopamine receptors.