A patient presents with acute knee pain and swelling following a twisting injury during sports activity. Physical examination reveals joint effusion and tenderness along the joint line. Which structure is most likely injured in this scenario?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The scenario described is suggestive of a meniscus injury. A twisting injury during sports activity leading to acute knee pain and swelling, accompanied by joint effusion and tenderness along the joint line, is commonly associated with meniscus tears. The meniscus is a C-shaped cartilage structure located between the femur and tibia in the knee joint, providing cushioning and stability. The symptoms of a meniscus tear typically include pain, swelling, joint line tenderness, and sometimes mechanical symptoms like locking or clicking. Treatment may involve rest, physical therapy, or in some cases, surgery to repair or remove the torn meniscus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All of the components -explanation of the procedure and alternatives to the procedure (I), discussion of potential risks and benefits of the procedure (II), and confirmation that the patient understands the risks, benefits, and any alterations (III) -are essential parts of informed consent. Providing information about the procedure and its alternatives, disclosing potential risks and benefits, and ensuring that the patient comprehends this information are crucial to obtaining valid informed consent prior to any medical procedure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pneumothorax, air enters the normally negative pressure space between the lung and chest wall, leading to loss of negative intra-pleural pressure. However, this loss of negative pressure typically does not directly result in lung collapse. Instead, the accumulation of air in the pleural space can lead to a pressure imbalance, causing the lung to collapse partially or completely, which is known as atelectasis. Therefore, it is more accurate to state that the loss of negative intra-pleural pressure can result in lung collapse due to the presence of air in the pleural space, rather than the loss of negative pressure itself causing the collapse.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland that causes gland destruction and release of pre-formed thyroid hormone leading to hyperthyroidism. The fine-needle aspiration biopsy findings of granulomatous inflammation and multinucleated giant cells are characteristic of subacute thyroiditis. This condition typically presents with a painful, tender thyroid gland and may be preceded by a viral illness. Unlike Graves' disease, which is an autoimmune disorder resulting in hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter and positive thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins, subacute thyroiditis is typically self-limited and resolves spontaneously without the need for long-term treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The response indicating Annie's present condition would be option A. This is because the symptoms mentioned in option A, such as experiencing vertigo, nausea, and nystagmus when sitting, point towards a vestibular disorder. These are symptoms commonly associated with conditions like Meniere's disease or vestibular neuritis, which can cause balance issues and feelings of dizziness. These symptoms are more indicative of Annie's current health status compared to the other options which focus on past or unrelated issues, such as ear pain during travel or impaired hearing since birth. The information provided in option A gives a more direct insight into Annie's present condition, making it the most appropriate response.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Radiologic procedures are typically not used as the least screening assessment by nurses in a perinatal unit. The nurse's initial screening assessments usually focus on gathering information through techniques such as physical examination, interviews, and reviewing laboratory results. Radiologic procedures, such as X-rays or CT scans, are usually ordered by physicians once a more specific diagnostic need has been identified, based on the initial screening assessments performed by the nurse. Therefore, in this scenario, the least screening assessment to be used by the nurse would be radiologic procedures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In a patient with acute gastrointestinal bleeding requiring urgent intervention, the healthcare team should prioritize performing endoscopic hemostasis with mechanical or thermal techniques. Endoscopy allows for direct visualization of the source of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, enabling targeted interventions such as clipping, cauterization, or injection of epinephrine to achieve hemostasis. This approach is effective in managing acute bleeds and can help stop the bleeding quickly, reducing the need for more invasive procedures or surgeries. Administering proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be considered for acid-related bleeding, but it is not the primary intervention for acute bleeding requiring urgent management. Strict bed rest may not be necessary and can increase the risk of complications such as deep vein thrombosis. Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma may be indicated if there is evidence of coagulopathy, but addressing the bleeding source should be the initial priority to

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Progesterone in oral contraceptives works primarily by inhibiting ovulation. It suppresses the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which is essential for triggering the release of an egg (ovulation) from the ovary. By blocking ovulation, progesterone helps prevent pregnancy by making it less likely for a mature egg to be available for fertilization. This mechanism of action is a key factor in the effectiveness of progesterone-containing contraceptives in preventing pregnancy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nitrous oxide, also known as "laughing gas," is a safe and effective pharmacological option for pain management during labor. Nitrous oxide is commonly used in labor and delivery settings as it has minimal effects on the baby and allows the woman to remain in control of her pain management. It provides quick pain relief when inhaled and can be adjusted to the woman's needs during labor. Ibuprofen, morphine, and diazepam are not typically used for pain management during labor due to their potential risks and side effects, especially for the baby.