A patient presents with a tumor of the adrenal gland. It is determined that the levels of renin-angiotensin is low. Which of the following would lead to increased renin-angiotensin levels?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary hyperaldosteronism. In this scenario, the low renin-angiotensin levels indicate a feedback mechanism where the body is trying to compensate for high aldosterone levels. Secondary hyperaldosteronism, which can be caused by conditions like renal artery stenosis or heart failure, leads to increased aldosterone secretion independent of renin levels, resulting in low renin-angiotensin levels. A: Cushing's syndrome is associated with excess cortisol production, but it does not directly influence renin-angiotensin levels. C: Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) is characterized by high aldosterone levels, not low renin-angiotensin levels. D: Both Cushing's syndrome and secondary hyperaldosteronism do not necessarily occur together, making this option incorrect.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: cellular mutations occur. Hormone binding typically triggers signaling cascades that lead to cellular responses like changing plasma membrane permeability, activating/inactivating enzymes, or stimulating mitosis. Cellular mutations are not a direct result of hormone binding and are typically caused by external factors like radiation or chemicals. In this context, mutations do not happen as an immediate response to hormone binding. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Plasma membrane permeability changes, enzyme activation/inactivation, and mitosis stimulation are all typical outcomes of hormone binding and subsequent signaling pathways.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The endocrine system regulates processes through hormones, while the nervous system controls body functions through electrical impulses. Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The other choices are incorrect because the immune system focuses on defense against pathogens, the circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen, and the respiratory system facilitates gas exchange. Only the nervous system aligns with regulating body functions alongside the endocrine system.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing disease). In this case, the symptoms match those of Cushing syndrome, which is characterized by excess cortisol production. The increased ACTH levels are indicative of the pituitary gland overproducing ACTH, leading to excess cortisol. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not match the symptoms presented. Choice D is incorrect because exogenous glucocorticoids would not lead to increased ACTH levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because during late puberty, the production of sex hormones by the gonads significantly outweighs the production of gonadocorticoids by the adrenal gland. This is due to the maturation and increased activity of the gonads during this developmental stage. Rationale: A: Synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily catecholamines, not androgens. C: Secretion inhibition of gonadocorticoids is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not solely by a negative feedback loop involving ACTH. D: Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome, not adrenogenital syndrome or feminization.