A patient on Haldol 10mg daily is noted to have and extreme form of slowness. The PMHNP understands which dopamine pathway is associated with this?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nigrostriatal pathway. Haldol is a first-generation antipsychotic that blocks dopamine receptors. The nigrostriatal pathway is associated with motor control, and blocking dopamine in this pathway can lead to extrapyramidal symptoms like slowness. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Tuberoinfundibular pathway regulates prolactin secretion. B: Mesocortical pathway is associated with cognitive and emotional functions. D: Mesolimbic pathway is involved in reward and reinforcement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because using silence and body language allows the patient to feel supported and encourages self-reflection. Silence gives the patient space to process thoughts and feelings without feeling rushed. It also demonstrates active listening and empathy. Choice A is incorrect because asking direct, probing questions may feel intrusive and overwhelming for a patient experiencing acute psychosis. Choice C is incorrect because telling the patient to stop being paranoid and to focus on reality is dismissive and can worsen the patient's symptoms. Choice D is incorrect because giving advice on how the patient should feel disregards the patient's emotions and autonomy in the therapeutic process.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Intrusive memories and flashbacks. This symptom is most commonly associated with PTSD as individuals with PTSD often experience recurrent, distressing memories of the traumatic event and may have flashbacks where they feel as if they are re-experiencing the event. This is a hallmark symptom of PTSD and is crucial in diagnosing the disorder. A: Excessive crying and sadness is a common symptom of depression but not specific to PTSD. C: Chronic feelings of euphoria are not typically associated with PTSD; in fact, individuals with PTSD often experience negative emotions. D: A need for constant validation is not a core symptom of PTSD; individuals with PTSD may seek support but not necessarily validation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "I need to monitor my blood glucose levels regularly." This statement indicates effective teaching because monitoring blood glucose levels is essential for managing diabetes. Regular monitoring helps the patient understand how their body responds to food, exercise, and medications. It allows for adjustments in the treatment plan to maintain blood sugar levels within target range. A: Taking insulin injections daily may be necessary for some patients with diabetes, but this alone does not indicate effective teaching as monitoring blood glucose levels is also critical. C: Stopping diabetes medications without healthcare provider's guidance can be dangerous and indicates a lack of understanding about the chronic nature of diabetes. D: Neglecting diet and relying solely on medications is not an effective approach to managing diabetes. Diet plays a crucial role in controlling blood sugar levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Encouraging the patient to express feelings of loss and grief. This is important because undergoing a mastectomy can evoke strong emotions such as loss and grief. By encouraging the patient to express these feelings, the nurse can provide emotional support and help the patient cope effectively. Choice B is incorrect as it dismisses the patient's emotional needs and may lead to suppression of emotions. Choice C is incorrect because discouraging questions hinders the patient's understanding and may cause anxiety. Choice D is incorrect as it invalidates the patient's emotions and may lead to feelings of inadequacy. Encouraging the patient to express feelings of loss and grief is crucial in promoting emotional healing and overall well-being during the postoperative period.