A patient learns that abdominal pain is originating from the liver. The nurse should explain to the patient that the impulses from receptors in the internal organs to the central nervous system are transmitted from which type of neurons?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Visceral sensory neurons transmit impulses from internal organs, such as the liver, to the central nervous system. Somatic sensory neurons transmit impulses from the skin and skeletal muscles, while efferent neurons carry motor impulses. Interneurons are found entirely within the central nervous system. This distinction is important for understanding pain pathways.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Understanding the anatomy of the spinal nerves is essential for explaining neurological function.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for causing constriction of the pupil. When acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors in the eye muscles, it triggers the muscles to contract, leading to pupil constriction. Norepinephrine (choice A) and epinephrine (choice C) are both involved in the fight-or-flight response and dilate the pupils. Serotonin (choice D) does not directly affect pupil constriction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: encephalitis. Encephalitis specifically refers to inflammation of the brain tissues. "Meningitis" (B) is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. "Sinusitis" (C) is inflammation of the sinuses, not the brain. "Meningoencephalitis" (D) refers to inflammation of both the brain and meninges, but encephalitis is more specific to brain tissue. Therefore, encephalitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of brain tissues.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: negative stain. Negative staining technique uses acidic stains which are repelled by the capsule of cryptococcus, making it visible as a clear halo around the stained cell. Gram stain (A) is used for bacterial cell wall visualization, simple stain (B) colors all cells uniformly, and fluorescent stain (D) requires a fluorescent microscope and specific dyes. Negative stain is the most effective method for visualizing cryptococcus capsules due to its unique structure and composition.