A patient is to receive insulin before breakfast, and

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Regular insulin. Regular insulin should be administered before breakfast as it has an onset of action of about 30 minutes to 1 hour, making it suitable for pre-meal administration. NPH insulin (choice B) has a slower onset and is typically given before dinner. Lispro insulin (choice C) is a rapid-acting insulin that is also given before meals but has a quicker onset than Regular insulin. Choice A is incorrect because Regular insulin does not need to wait for the breakfast tray to arrive, unlike some other insulins that require food intake.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Voglibose. Voglibose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor commonly used in diabetes management. Its major side effect is GI disturbances due to its mechanism of action in delaying carbohydrate absorption in the intestines. This can lead to flatulence, bloating, and diarrhea. Metformin (choice A) commonly causes GI upset but is not its major side effect. Rosiglitazone (choice B) is associated with weight gain and edema, not GI disturbances. Repaglinide (choice D) can cause hypoglycemia and weight gain, but not major GI disturbances.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of congenital cretinism in the baby. This is because the drug may interfere with the normal development of the baby's thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism and intellectual disability. Choice A is incorrect as liver damage is not specifically linked to this drug in pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect because severe hypertension is not a common side effect of the drug in this context. Choice D is incorrect as it combines two incorrect statements.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: PPAR-γ is a nuclear receptor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Step 2: Ciglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that specifically targets PPAR-γ. Step 3: Ciglitazone activates PPAR-γ to improve insulin sensitivity and regulate gene expression. Step 4: Metformin (B) works by reducing glucose production in the liver, not targeting PPAR-γ. Step 5: Tolazamide (C) and Repaglinide (D) are both sulfonylureas that stimulate insulin release from the pancreas, not acting on PPAR-γ.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: zygote. After fertilization, the sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote, which is the first cell of a new organism with a full set of chromosomes. A. Gamete refers to the sex cells (sperm and egg) before fusion. B. Embryo is the developmental stage after the zygote undergoes multiple cell divisions. C. Fetus is the term used for the developing organism after the embryo stage. Therefore, the correct term for the cell produced by fertilization is zygote as it represents the initial stage of the new organism's development.