A patient is taking ibuprofen. The nurse understands that COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors are different in that ibuprofen is more likely than celecoxib to cause which adverse effect?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ibuprofen is a non-selective COX inhibitor, meaning it inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. COX-1 is responsible for maintaining the protective lining of the stomach, and its inhibition can lead to gastrointestinal adverse effects such as peptic ulcer disease. Celecoxib, on the other hand, is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, which primarily targets inflammation and pain without significantly affecting the stomach lining. Therefore, ibuprofen is more likely to cause peptic ulcer disease compared to celecoxib. This distinction is crucial for nurses to understand when managing patients on these medications, as it impacts patient monitoring and education.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lithium is typically administered orally (PO) for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. However, in emergency situations or cases of lithium toxicity where rapid control of symptoms is required, lithium can be administered via the intravenous (IV) route for faster absorption and effectiveness. IV administration allows for quick delivery of the medication directly into the bloodstream to achieve therapeutic levels promptly. It is essential to closely monitor lithium levels and kidney function when administering it intravenously to prevent potential complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: It is important to educate the patient to take levothyroxine at the same time every day, preferably in the morning on an empty stomach. Consistency in timing helps to maintain stable levels of the medication in the body and optimize its effectiveness in balancing thyroid activity. This medication should not be taken with food, vitamins, or other medications that can interfere with its absorption. Regular thyroid tests are necessary to monitor the effectiveness of the medication and adjust the dosage as needed. If a patient has experienced a recent myocardial infarction or heart attack, it is crucial to consult with healthcare professionals before starting or continuing levothyroxine, as it can have implications on cardiovascular health. It is never advisable for patients to avoid consulting their healthcare professionals if they experience any adverse effects or have concerns about their medication.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The pain threshold is defined as the least stimulus intensity at which a subject perceives pain. It represents the point at which a person first acknowledges experiencing pain. Pain threshold varies among individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, emotional state, culture, and past experiences with pain. It is an important concept in understanding an individual's sensitivity to pain and can be different from their pain tolerance level, which refers to the maximum level of pain a person is willing to endure. Analgesia involves the relief of pain, nociception is the body's physiological response to noxious stimuli, and polymodal refers to nerve fibers that respond to multiple types of stimuli.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ibuprofen is a non-selective COX inhibitor, meaning it inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. COX-1 is responsible for maintaining the protective lining of the stomach, and its inhibition can lead to gastrointestinal adverse effects such as peptic ulcer disease. Celecoxib, on the other hand, is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, which primarily targets inflammation and pain without significantly affecting the stomach lining. Therefore, ibuprofen is more likely to cause peptic ulcer disease compared to celecoxib. This distinction is crucial for nurses to understand when managing patients on these medications, as it impacts patient monitoring and education.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Folic acid supplementation is recommended for patients on methotrexate to reduce the risk of side effects such as mucositis and myelosuppression. Tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and phenytoin can interact with methotrexate, increasing its toxicity. Folic acid helps mitigate these adverse effects without interfering with the drug's efficacy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A: The patient reports seeing colorful halos around lights is A common symptom of digoxin toxicity that indicates visual disturbances.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. These processes determine the concentration of a drug at its site of action and contribute to understanding the drug's effectiveness and potential side effects. Therefore, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are key components of pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics (Choice A) refers to the study of the physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action, which is different from the processes involved in drug movement through the body. Therapeutic action (Choice C) refers to the desired effects of a drug in treating a specific condition, rather than the processes involved in drug processing in the body. Pharmaceutical preparation (Choice D) is related to the formulation and development of drugs before their administration, not to the processes within the body. Toxic effect (Choice E) refers to the harmful effects of drugs, which can result from various factors including pharmacokin

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Enteral route of drug administration involves placing the drug directly into the gastrointestinal tract (such as oral or rectal routes) for absorption into the systemic circulation. This route requires the drug to pass through the digestive system before being absorbed, allowing for slower and more sustained release of the medication compared to other routes. Examples of enteral drug administration include oral tablets, capsules, and liquids as well as rectal suppositories.