A patient is taking Digoxin to slow his heart rate down. The nurse suggests that he take his oral medication:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The nurse suggests that the patient takes his Digoxin medication when awakening because it is best absorbed when taken on an empty stomach. Taking Digoxin with meals can decrease its absorption, reducing its effectiveness. Therefore, to ensure optimal absorption and effectiveness of Digoxin in slowing down the heart rate, it is recommended to take it when awakening on an empty stomach.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. These processes determine the concentration of a drug at its site of action and contribute to understanding the drug's effectiveness and potential side effects. Therefore, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are key components of pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics (Choice A) refers to the study of the physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action, which is different from the processes involved in drug movement through the body. Therapeutic action (Choice C) refers to the desired effects of a drug in treating a specific condition, rather than the processes involved in drug processing in the body. Pharmaceutical preparation (Choice D) is related to the formulation and development of drugs before their administration, not to the processes within the body. Toxic effect (Choice E) refers to the harmful effects of drugs, which can result from various factors including pharmacokin

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Enteral route of drug administration involves placing the drug directly into the gastrointestinal tract (such as oral or rectal routes) for absorption into the systemic circulation. This route requires the drug to pass through the digestive system before being absorbed, allowing for slower and more sustained release of the medication compared to other routes. Examples of enteral drug administration include oral tablets, capsules, and liquids as well as rectal suppositories.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The pain threshold is defined as the least stimulus intensity at which a subject perceives pain. It represents the point at which a person first acknowledges experiencing pain. Pain threshold varies among individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, emotional state, culture, and past experiences with pain. It is an important concept in understanding an individual's sensitivity to pain and can be different from their pain tolerance level, which refers to the maximum level of pain a person is willing to endure. Analgesia involves the relief of pain, nociception is the body's physiological response to noxious stimuli, and polymodal refers to nerve fibers that respond to multiple types of stimuli.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Colistimethate sodium is a polymyxin antibiotic used to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is not safe for patients with renal impairments and does not prevent antibiotic resistance. Its primary purpose is to treat infections caused by resistant Gram-negative bacteria.