A patient is taking Digoxin to slow his heart rate down. The nurse suggests that he take his oral medication:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: It is recommended for the patient to take Digoxin in the morning when awakening. This is because Digoxin has a long half-life which means it stays in the body for a long period of time. By taking it in the morning, the patient can benefit from its effects throughout the day, including its ability to slow down the heart rate and improve heart function. Additionally, taking it in the morning helps to reduce the risk of potential interactions with other medications or food consumed later in the day.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A: The patient reports seeing colorful halos around lights is A common symptom of digoxin toxicity that indicates visual disturbances.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Enteral route of drug administration involves placing the drug directly into the gastrointestinal tract (such as oral or rectal routes) for absorption into the systemic circulation. This route requires the drug to pass through the digestive system before being absorbed, allowing for slower and more sustained release of the medication compared to other routes. Examples of enteral drug administration include oral tablets, capsules, and liquids as well as rectal suppositories.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: There is increased risk of excessive hypotension if any of these drugs is combined with volatile liquid general anesthetics such as enflurane, halothane, or isoflurane. The effectiveness of diabetic agents is increased, leading to hypoglycemia when such agents are used with these drugs. Carvedilol has been associated with potentially dangerous conduction system disturbances when combined with verapamil or diltiazem. Vomiting is not associated with this combination of drugs. The nurse should communicate the patient’s medication history to the anesthesiologist to ensure safe administration of anesthesia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. These processes determine the concentration of a drug at its site of action and contribute to understanding the drug's effectiveness and potential side effects. Therefore, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are key components of pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics (Choice A) refers to the study of the physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action, which is different from the processes involved in drug movement through the body. Therapeutic action (Choice C) refers to the desired effects of a drug in treating a specific condition, rather than the processes involved in drug processing in the body. Pharmaceutical preparation (Choice D) is related to the formulation and development of drugs before their administration, not to the processes within the body. Toxic effect (Choice E) refers to the harmful effects of drugs, which can result from various factors including pharmacokin

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A. Assess lung sounds, Pulse, and Blood pressure before administering: Before administering Albuterol, it is crucial to assess the patient's lung sounds, pulse, and blood pressure as baseline data. This helps in monitoring the effects of Albuterol on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In a patient with new-onset atrial fibrillation who requires rapid initiation of digoxin therapy, the fastest therapeutic effect would be achieved by administering the loading dose intravenously. Option D (Digoxin 1 mg IV push now; then 0.25 mg IV daily) includes an initial IV loading dose of 1 mg, followed by a maintenance dose of 0.25 mg IV daily. IV administration allows for quicker absorption and onset of action compared to oral administration. This loading dose increases the digoxin concentration in the bloodstream more rapidly, leading to a quicker therapeutic effect. Subsequent maintenance doses can then be given orally for long-term management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The patient should call 911 immediately. Angina is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. The fact that the patient continued to experience chest pain even while sitting down is concerning and suggests that he may be having an acute coronary event, such as a heart attack. In this situation, prompt medical attention is crucial to assess and manage the situation appropriately. It is important not to delay seeking emergency help when experiencing chest pain, especially for a patient with a known history of angina.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The pain threshold is defined as the least stimulus intensity at which a subject perceives pain. It represents the point at which a person first acknowledges experiencing pain. Pain threshold varies among individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, emotional state, culture, and past experiences with pain. It is an important concept in understanding an individual's sensitivity to pain and can be different from their pain tolerance level, which refers to the maximum level of pain a person is willing to endure. Analgesia involves the relief of pain, nociception is the body's physiological response to noxious stimuli, and polymodal refers to nerve fibers that respond to multiple types of stimuli.